The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups
Abstract
Growing cross-cultural awareness has led researchers to examine frequently used research instruments and assessment tools in racially diverse populations. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric characteristics of the 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) among different racial groups. The DASS-21 was chosen because it appears to be a reliable and easy to administer measure, ideal for both clinical and research purposes. Results suggest that the internal consistency, and convergent and divergent validity of the DASS-21 are similar across racial groups. Multigroup CFA, however, indicated that item loadings were invariant, while scale covariances were not invariant. This suggests that, although the items may load similarly on the depression, anxiety and stress constructs, these constructs may be differentially inter-related across groups. Implications for application in clinical practice are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the scale has demonstrated a substantial relationship with other depression and anxiety measures among Asians (35).”
Citations
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407
Sample size in factor analysis.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.1.84 · Cited by 5,497
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 · Cited by 4,874
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Structural Equation Modeling With Lisrel, Prelis, and Simplis
Byrne, B. M. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203774762 · Cited by 4,330
Byrne, B. M. (1998) · Cited by 3,873
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00068-x · Cited by 1,860
Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.3.346 · Cited by 1,795
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466503321903544 · Cited by 1,756
Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5 · Cited by 1,731
A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II.
Dozois, D. J. A., Dobson, K. S., & Ahnberg, J. L. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.83 · Cited by 1,517
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.107.2.179 · Cited by 1,400
On the Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory
Richter, P., Werner, J., Heerlein, A., Kraus, A., & Sauer, H. (1998) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000066239 · Cited by 1,113
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: Spanish Translation and Validation with a Hispanic Sample
Daza, P., Novy, D. M., Stanley, M. A., & Averill, P. (2002) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1016014818163 · Cited by 508
The Beck Anxiety Inventory in a non-clinical sample
Creamer, M. C., Foran, J. M., & Bell, R. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00082-u · Cited by 424
Long-term stability of depression, anxiety, and stress syndromes.
Lovibond, P. F. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.107.3.520 · Cited by 403
Clara, I. P., Cox, B. J., & Enns, M. W. (2001) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1011095624717 · Cited by 403
THE STORY OF THE ADAPTATION SYNDROME
Selye, H. (1952) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-195212000-00039 · Cited by 329
Nieuwenhuijsen, K., de Boer, A. G. E. M., Verbeek, J. H. A. M., Blonk, R. W. B., & van Dijk, F. J. H. (2003) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i77 · Cited by 223
The Beck Anxiety Inventory: A psychometric analysis.
Hewitt, P. L., & Norton, G. R. (1993) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.4.408 · Cited by 220
Anxiety sensitivity, cognitive biases, and the experience of pain
Keogh, E., & Cochrane, M. (2002) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1054/jpai.2002.125182 · Cited by 187
Karasic, D. H. (2013) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e555372011-001 · Cited by 166
(1994) · PubMed · Cited by 149
The Beck Anxiety Inventory: A psychometric analysis.
Hewitt, P. L., & Norton, G. R. (1993) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.5.4.408 · Cited by 135
Preliminary evaluation of a broad-spectrum cognitive-behavioral group therapy for anxiety
Norton, P. J., & Hope, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.07.002 · Cited by 132
Self-citationA psychometric analysis of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale among four racial groups
Norton, P. J. (2005) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.08.002 · Cited by 118 · cited 2×
“The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS; Freeston, Rhéaume, Letarte, Dugas, & Ladouceur, 1994) has also been examined in terms of multicultural implications (Norton, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnxiety sensitivity in six countries.
Zvolensky, M. J., Arrindell, W., Taylor, S., Bouvard, M., Cox, B., Stewart, S., Sandín, B., Cárdenas, S. J., & Eifert, G. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00187-0 · Cited by 114
Bonicatto, S., Dew, A. M., & Soria, J. J. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00047-x · Cited by 105
Good, B. J., & Kleinman, A. M. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203728215-20 · Cited by 99
Assessment of anxiety sensitivity in young American Indians and Alaska Natives
Zvolensky, M. J., McNeil, D. W., Porter, C. A., & Stewart, S. H. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00010-3 · Cited by 98
Contreras, S., Fernandez, S., Malcarne, V., Ingram, R., & Vaccarino, V. (2004) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/0739986304269164 · Cited by 94
Zvolensky, M. J., Kotov, R., Antipova, A. V., & Schmidt, N. B. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00031-7 · Cited by 91
Effects of a transdiagnostic group treatment for anxiety on secondary depression
Norton, P. J., Hayes, S. A., & Hope, D. A. (2004) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20045 · Cited by 87
Self-citationRelationship between perfectionism and emotional symptoms in an adolescent sample
Einstein, D. A., Lovibond, P. F., & Gaston, J. E. (2000) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530008255373 · Cited by 83
Factor structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index among African American college students.
Carter, M. M., Miller, O., Sbrocco, T., Suchday, S., & Lewis, E. L. (1999) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.4.525 · Cited by 83
Malgady, R. G. (1996) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.27.1.73 · Cited by 78
Hojat, M., Shapurian, R., & Mehryar, A. H. (1986) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1986.59.1.331 · Cited by 55
Hooke, G. R., & Page, A. C. (2002) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/014544502236655 · Cited by 40
Bernal, G., Bonilla, J., & Santiago, J. (1995) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · Cited by 26
The factor structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index among Northern Plains Native Americans
Norton, P. J., Coteau, T. J. D., Hope, D. A., & Anderson, J. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.002 · Cited by 22
Self-citationMetzger (1990) · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199001)46:1
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Beck , A. T. and Steer , R. A. 1990 . Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
- Beck , A. T. , Steer , R. A. and Brown , G. K. 1996 . Beck Depression Inventory manual , 2nd edn , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
- Bernal , G. , Bonilla , J. and Santiago , I. J. 1995 . Psychometric properties of the BDI and the SCL-36 in a Puerto Rican sample . Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología , 27 : 207 – 230 .
- 10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0021-843X.107.3.520 · DOI
- Lovibond , S. H. and Lovibond , P. F. 1995 . Manual for the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales , 2nd edn , Sydney, , Australia : Psychology Foundation .
- Muthén , L. K. and Muthén , B. O. 2004 . Mplus: The comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers. User's guide , 3rd edn , Los Angeles : Muthén & Muthén .
- Peterson , R. A. and Reiss , S. 1992 . Anxiety Sensitivity Index revised test manual , Worthington, OH : International Diagnostic Services .
- 10.1080/08098130809478203 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028 · Cited by 2,571
“Further analyses showed that observing better hygiene practices and avoidance of sharing utensils during meals were significantly associated with lower scores in IES-R and various DASS-21 subscales among both survey participants (Table 4).”
InfluentialOsman, A., Wong, J. L., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S. L., Gutierrez, P. M., & Lozano, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21908 · Cited by 1,097
Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Altoè, G., Conforti, E., Melli, G., & Sica, C. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.04.005 · Cited by 701
Cross-cultural validation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–21 in China.
Wang, K., Shi, H.-S., Geng, F.-L., Zou, L.-Q., Tan, S.-P., Wang, Y., Neumann, D. L., Shum, D. H. K., & Chan, R. C. K. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000207 · Cited by 635
Screening for anxiety and depression: reassessing the utility of the Zung scales
Dunstan, D. A., Scott, N., & Todd, A. K. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1489-6 · Cited by 487
Metadata
- Authors
- Norton, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Houston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Norton, Peter J.
- ORCID
- Norton, Peter J.
- Venue
- Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-08-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 253-265
- ISSN
- 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-2205
- OpenAlex
- W2088994872
- Cited by
- 708
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 7.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- DASS-21, DASS, cross-cultural validity, racial groups, measurement invariance, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, depression, anxiety, stress
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Anxiety, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depression, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
