Cited by 708Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

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Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups

Norton, Peter J.·2007·Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

DOI 10.1080/10615800701309279

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Abstract

Growing cross-cultural awareness has led researchers to examine frequently used research instruments and assessment tools in racially diverse populations. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric characteristics of the 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) among different racial groups. The DASS-21 was chosen because it appears to be a reliable and easy to administer measure, ideal for both clinical and research purposes. Results suggest that the internal consistency, and convergent and divergent validity of the DASS-21 are similar across racial groups. Multigroup CFA, however, indicated that item loadings were invariant, while scale covariances were not invariant. This suggests that, although the items may load similarly on the depression, anxiety and stress constructs, these constructs may be differentially inter-related across groups. Implications for application in clinical practice are discussed.

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“There has been much empirical support for the three-factor structure of the DASS-21 among English-speaking samples from North America and the UK (Crawford et al., 2009; Norton, 2007; Sinclair et al., 2012).”
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“Its systematic approach and thorough measurement contribute to a deeper understanding of psychological distress, enabling targeted interventions and improved mental health outcomes [18].”
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“Internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity were similar across racial groups (Norton, 2007) and clinical populations, such as individuals with anxiety disorders (Brown et al., 1997).”
Background
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“The DASS-21 has demonstrated high internal consistency (0.83-0.90) and good construct validity in university student samples [29].”
Influential
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“Thus, our work extends Norton (2007) by demonstrating that (1) the con ﬁ gural model may not be adequate for comparisons across racial groups, and (2) assuming the con ﬁ gural model does hold, while these constructs appear to have similar factor loadings across racial groups, participants did not…”
Influential
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“Furthermore, the DASS-21 has shown good content validity across diverse racial and ethnic groups including Asian samples (Norton, 2007).”
Background
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“However, in this study, the authors used seven questions specifically for calculating stress levels, namely questions number 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, and 18, which will be reordered in order from numbers 1 to 7 [20].”
Method
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“These findings align with previous research on the original English (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and prior Chinese (Wang et al., 2016), Indonesian (Oei et al., 2013), Malay (Musa and Fadzil, 2007), Bengali (Alim et al., 2017), Hindi (Singh et al., 2015), and Urdu (Tonsing, 2014) versions of the DASS-21.”
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Method
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Background
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Authors: Norton, P. J.
Affiliations: University of Houston (US)
Corresponding author: Norton, Peter J.
ORCID: Norton, Peter J.
Venue: Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2007-08-08
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 253-265
ISSN: 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
1477-2205
DOI: 10.1080/10615800701309279
OpenAlex: W2088994872
Cited by: 708
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 7.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: DASS-21, DASS, cross-cultural validity, racial groups, measurement invariance, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, depression, anxiety, stress
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Anxiety, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depression, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Racial Groups

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Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups

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