Cited by 708Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups

Norton, Peter J.·2007·Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

DOI 10.1080/10615800701309279

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Growing cross-cultural awareness has led researchers to examine frequently used research instruments and assessment tools in racially diverse populations. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric characteristics of the 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) among different racial groups. The DASS-21 was chosen because it appears to be a reliable and easy to administer measure, ideal for both clinical and research purposes. Results suggest that the internal consistency, and convergent and divergent validity of the DASS-21 are similar across racial groups. Multigroup CFA, however, indicated that item loadings were invariant, while scale covariances were not invariant. This suggests that, although the items may load similarly on the depression, anxiety and stress constructs, these constructs may be differentially inter-related across groups. Implications for application in clinical practice are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/10615800701309279

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407
Sample size in factor analysis.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.1.84 · Cited by 5,497
Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample.
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 · Cited by 4,874
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Structural Equation Modeling With Lisrel, Prelis, and Simplis
Byrne, B. M. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203774762 · Cited by 4,330
Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS basic concepts, applications, and programming
Byrne, B. M. (1998) · Cited by 3,873
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00068-x · Cited by 1,860

Show all 46 references

Research works printed but not linked: 9

Beck , A. T. and Steer , R. A. 1990 . Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
Beck , A. T. , Steer , R. A. and Brown , G. K. 1996 . Beck Depression Inventory manual , 2nd edn , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
Bernal , G. , Bonilla , J. and Santiago , I. J. 1995 . Psychometric properties of the BDI and the SCL-36 in a Puerto Rican sample . Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología , 27 : 207 – 230 .
10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0021-843X.107.3.520 · DOI
Lovibond , S. H. and Lovibond , P. F. 1995 . Manual for the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales , 2nd edn , Sydney, , Australia : Psychology Foundation .
Muthén , L. K. and Muthén , B. O. 2004 . Mplus: The comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers. User's guide , 3rd edn , Los Angeles : Muthén & Muthén .
Peterson , R. A. and Reiss , S. 1992 . Anxiety Sensitivity Index revised test manual , Worthington, OH : International Diagnostic Services .
10.1080/08098130809478203 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 705

Contributions of service learning to the development of university students’ spiritual well-being and psychological health: a quasi-experimental study
Pong, H.-K. (2022) · Journal of Beliefs and Values · doi:10.1080/13617672.2022.2133429 · Cited by 2
“2018) of DASS-21 (Norton 2007; Lovibond and Lovibond 1995) to measure the psychological health of participants over the last week.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Psychosocial status and risk perception among Iranian healthcare workers during the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
Khazaee-Pool, M., Moradi, M., Pashaei, T., & Ponnet, K. S. (2023) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-023-00862-0 · Cited by 2
“DASS-21 has been used in various studies in Iran, and its reliability and validity have been confirmed in the Iranian population [76, 77, 81, 82].”
Background
Self-compassion and self-coldness and their relationship with psychological distress and subjective well-being among community-based Hazaras in Australia
Wilson, C., Misajon, R., & Brooker, J. (2024) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615241227683 · Cited by 2
“The three-factor structure of the DASS-21 has consistently emerged across diverse samples (Mellor et al., 2015; Norton, 2007).”
Background
Psychological distress during the initial COVID-19 pandemic in an Italian cohort of people living with HIV: an online surveyPreprint
Donne, V. D., Ciccarelli, N., Massaroni, V., Lombardi, F., Lamonica, S., Borghetti, A., Fabbiani, M., Cauda, R., & Giambenedetto, S. D. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-98904/v2 · Cited by 18
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Greek adults: a cross-sectional surveyPreprint
Dragotis, E., Atsopardi, Κ., Barbouni, A., Poulas, K. A., & Farsalinos, K. E. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.20.21252129 · Cited by 2
Development and Initial Validation of the Adult Coping Inventory
Hollas, K. (2020) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.5213 · Cited by 2
Friendships, loneliness and psychological well-being in older adults: A limit to the benefit of the number friendships.Preprint
Thompson, A., Smith, M., McNeill, A. R., & Pollet, T. V. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9p8g7 · Cited by 2
Network Analyses of the Symptoms in the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) and its Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Alcohol UsePreprint
Gomez, R., Tullett-Prado, D., Watson, S., & Stavropoulos, V. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-966118/v1 · Cited by 2
“…has shown acceptable convergent and discriminant validities, and high internal reliabilities for the DASS-21 sub-scales (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995; Norton, 2007), more recent studies have supported a bifactor model, with a dominant general factor on which all the depression, anxiety and stress…”
Result
Emotion in non-suicidal self-injury: A contradiction between global self-reports and real-time responses
Robinson, K. (2021) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16960195.v1 · Cited by 2
Do Reproductive Attitudes and Knowledge Explain Race-Ethnic-Nativity Differences in Unintended Fertility?
Guzzo, K. B., Hayford, S. R., & Lang, V. W. (2020) · The Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48519-1_6 · Cited by 1
The effects of music on anxiety and depression in adult patients undergoing haemodialysis: a literature review
Nava, A., Magnaghi, C., Burrai, F., Pennacchio, N., Rinaldi, S., & Brioni, E. (2023) · Giornale di Clinica Nefrologica e Dialisi · doi:10.33393/gcnd.2023.2655 · Cited by 1
Coping with racial discrimination: a preliminary examination of coping strategies in college students at a University in Northeastern U.S
Martinez, J. H., Tahirkheli, N. N., Roemer, L., Ying, A., & Abdullah, T. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2283737 · Cited by 1
“51 Within our sample, DASS showed strong internal consistency (α = .95).”
Psychosocial Factors and Cognitive Distortions Contributing to Self-Reported Quality of Life in Female University Students with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Badawy, D. W. B. M. (2023) · MIGRATION LETTERS · doi:10.59670/ml.v21is1.5981 · Cited by 1
“The Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life Questionnaire (IBS-QOL) was developed by a team of researchers from the University of Washington, Seattle under the direction of Dr. Donald L. Patrick and Dr. Douglas Drossman with sponsorship from Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation(Patrick 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Child Social Support Moderates the Association Between Maternal Psychopathology and Child School Engagement
Thomsen, K. N., Howell, K. H., & Bartelli, D. (2024) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-024-09800-0 · Cited by 1
“Past work has suggested the DASS-21’s internal consistency, convergent validity, and divergent validity are comparable across racial groups (Norton, 2007).”
Interplay of socio-emotional vulnerability and physiological stress response: Unraveling distress patterns amidst the COVID-19 pandemic
Raymond, C., Bilodeau-Houle, A., Arcand, M., Peyrot, C., & Marin, M. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107233 · Cited by 2
Knowledge Gaps and Scan-Associated Distress Among Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Dahiya, A., Sharma, K. K., Tiwari, S. K., Garg, R. K., Rastogi, S., & Joshi, P. (2025) · Journal of Radiology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jradnu.2025.03.007 · Cited by 1
Ramadan fasting in smokers with primary headache disorders: Impact of nicotine dependence on headache frequency and severity
Magdy, R., Hassan, A., Adel, S., Dahshan, A., Wagdy, M., Ali, S. H., Khallaf, A. M., Essmat, A., AbdElAzeem, H. N., Mahfouz, N. A., et al. (2025) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.15032 · Cited by 1
Intersecting identities, different struggles: The effects of demographics on experiences of discrimination and mental health outcomes among college students in Texas
Venta, A. C., Walker, J. H., O’Connell, D., Long, T., Flores, C. M. N., & Vázquez, A. L. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000425 · Cited by 3
“The questionnaire has demonstrated adequate validity in diverse samples, including Black and Latinx populations [54,55], with evidence of internal consistency, convergent, and divergent validity across racial and ethnic groups.”
Disparities in Street Harassment Exposure and Mental Health Consequences: Elevated Risk for Marginalized Women
Shaiman, S., & Boyle, K. M. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251376342 · Cited by 1
Graph attention networks meet transformers: A synergistic approach for multimodal stress recognition from physiological signals
Guo, R., Kelana, B. W. Y., Safar, A. E., Lian, J., Meng, S., & Yang, L. (2025) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2025.109206 · Cited by 1
Enhanced Informer Network for Stress Recognition and Classification via Spatial and Channel Attention Mechanisms
Guo, R., Kelana, B. W. Y., Almetere, E. S., Lian, J., & Yang, L. (2025) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065726500036 · Cited by 1
A psychometric and demographic evaluation of the Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale in a German youth sample
Phan, D., Öngören, H. O., Spirkl, N., Heinzel, S., Metzen, D., Bechtoldt, M. N., & Asbrand, J. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103144 · Cited by 2
Latent Patterns of Violence and Racism on Mental Health and Coping Among Black Women
Eshelman, L. R., Bhuptani, P. H., & Salim, S. R. (2026) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2026.2667226 · Cited by 1
“Previous research has supported the consistency and validity of the DASS-21 among Black undergraduates (Norton, 2007).”
Parent, child, and family factors associated with help-seeking for co-parenting support in the early parenting period
Bai, M., Giallo, R., Schulz, M., Fogarty, A., McMahon, G., Bladon, S., Feinberg, M. E., & Seymour, M. (2026) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-026-03316-y · Cited by 1
“Excellent reliability and validity have been demonstrated in previous studies, including Australian population-based samples (Norton, 2007).”
PROMETHEUS clinical trial protocol: tailoring healthy ageing with lifestyle and nutraceuticals
Kuerec, A. H., Guan, L., Wang, W., Barros, D., Alenezi, W. M., Grgić, J., Wazny, V. K., Morwani‐Mangnani, J., Dotou, M., Zhang, D., et al. (2026) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-026-02394-6 · Cited by 1
“Mental wellbeing including depression, anxiety, and/or stress levels was assessed with Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) [58].”
Positive psychology interventions to promote resilience and wellbeing among educators: A scoping review
Tomlin, L., Budden, T., Simpson, A., Kingdon, T., Gucciardi, D. F., Jeftic, I., Dimmock, J. A., Norsworthy, C., Borelli, J. L., Brophy‐Herb, H. E., et al. (2026) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2026.105810 · Cited by 2
Negative affect among undergraduates: Why are higher levels reported by A sian students?
Found, A., Cheong, H. I., & Duarte, C. (2012) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00193.x · Cited by 1
“The results of Norton (2007) translate into a full-scale score of 32.02 for Asian students (figures from Norton [2007] have been doubled, as specified in the instructions for the DASS-21, facilitating its comparison with the results of the 42-item DASS).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Stress in higher education: a study of mismatched instruction as a contributing factor in female Emirati undergraduate students
ALAlami, U., Al-Saleh, M. S. S. M., & Rahal, T. (2013) · Learning and Teaching in Higher Education Gulf Perspectives · doi:10.18538/lthe.v10.n1.130 · Cited by 1
“The DASS21 was chosen because it appears to be a reliable and easy to administer measure, and is ideal for both clinical and research purposes (Norton, 2007): the latter study suggested that the internal consistency, and convergent and divergent validity of the DASS21 are similar across racial…”
Method
Protocol for a study of the psychosocial determinants of health in early childhood among children with cystic fibrosis
Douglas, T. A., Jordan, B., Priddis, L. E., Anderson, V. A., Sheehan, J., Kane, R. T., Massie, J., Branch‐Smith, C., Shields, L. E., & AREST‐CF (2015) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12621 · Cited by 1
Predicting Anxiety Symptoms Based on Confrontation With Existential Issues: The Moderating Role of Defense Mechanisms
Beshārat, M. A., Khadem, H., Zarei, V., & Haghi, S. A. M. (2019) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/jpcp.7.4.235 · Cited by 1
“…instrument for assessing the symptoms of negative emotions, the reliability and validity of which have been confirmed in multiple studies (Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns & Swinson, 1998; Brown, Chorpita, Korotitsch & Barlow, 1997; Daza, Novy, Stanley & Averill, 2002; Lovibond, 1998; Norton, 2007).”
Background
Mental health impact by COVID-19 in hospitalized patients sample in Mexico City
Maya-Piña, L. V., Barbosa‐Cobos, R. E., Lugo-Zamudio, G.-E., Chacón-Abril, K., Padrón-Ramírez, M., Jiménez-Jiménez, X., Vuelvas-Olmos, C. R., Cortés-Álvarez, N. Y., & Jiménez, S. J. (2022) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.502711 · Cited by 1
“However, DASS-21 is a flexible instrument with a good internal consistency, it could has a divergent validity for different racial groups including Hispanic and Latin subjects (Norton, 2007).”
Background
Factors Associated with Medication Adherence in Coronary Artery Patients
Rad, S. M., Moghadamnia, M. T., Leili, E. K., & Javadi‐Pashaki, N. (2022) · Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery · doi:10.32598/jhnm.32.4.2270 · Cited by 1
What do we know about eating behaviours in non-obese and obese persons? Examination of the construct and criterion validity of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire
Rijeci, F. S. U., Mohorić, T., Kukić, M., Sveučilište u Rijeci, F. F., Pokrajac-Bulian, A., Sveučilište u Rijeci, F. F., Anić, P., Sveučilište u Rijeci, F. F., Majanović, S. K., & Sveučilište u Rijeci, M. F. (2021) · Klinička psihologija · doi:10.21465/2021-kp-1-2-0001 · Cited by 1
Psychological burden of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic among Egyptian pregnant women
Halim, H. W. A., Elaziz, S. A., & Fathy, D. S. A. (2022) · Al-Azhar Assiut Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/azmj.azmj_133_21 · Cited by 1
The relationship between burnout, depression and anxiety among nurses in a psychiatric unit
Almalki, A. E., Alghamdi, H. S. N., & Bakhadlag, G. T. H. (2024) · International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) · doi:10.12692/ijb/24.1.236-244 · Cited by 1
Promoting a Culture of Care for College Students with Marginalized Identities Using an Embedded Prevention Navigation Model
Monley, C. M., Ozmat, E. E., Martin, J. L., Cimini, M. D., McCarthy, M. D., & Sharma, T. (2024) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2024.2378306 · Cited by 1
“The DASS-21 has excellent psychometric properties; it performs similarly for Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White undergraduates in the United States and correlates highly with other measures of psychological distress (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995; Norton, 2007).”
Enhancing research engagement in MSW students by investigating social work majors’ adverse life events and mental health outcomes
Anderson, K. M., Cares, A. C., & Newins, A. R. (2024) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2024.2383762 · Cited by 1
“Internal consistency, convergent validity, and divergent validity are sufficient across racial groups in a sample of college students (Norton, 2007).”
Predictors of Supportive Care Needs During Serious Illness
Nelson, K. E., Runsabove, K., Saylor, M. A., Adams, K., Davidson, P. M., Perrin, N., Werk, A., Wright, R., & Brockie, T. (2024) · Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing · doi:10.1097/njh.0000000000001050 · Cited by 1
Cultural risk & adaptation: Contributions to psychopathology by social position
Gusman, M. S., Grimm, K. J., Wormley, A. S., Sasser, J., Doane, L. D., Park, H. J., & Cohen, A. B. (2024) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2024.101699 · Cited by 1
Paradoxical intention as a treatment for insomnia disorder: study protocol for a mixed-methods pilot trial
Salim, O., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Sandlund, C., & Norell‐Clarke, A. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086676 · Cited by 1
“31 Functional impairment is measured with the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) 32 which contains five items that evaluate functional impairment due to psychological or physical problems in work, social life and leisure activities.”
Method
An Instrument for Assessing Evolutionary or Distal Causes of Psychiatric Disorders: Psychometric Properties of Persian Version of Evolutionary Fitness Scale
Ghazanfari, M., Lavasani, F. F., Noroozi, A., Samadi, H., & Dehghani, M. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-122488 · Cited by 1
Locally sourced: Bringing local natural environments to a neurorehabilitation ward with virtual reality. A feasibility randomised controlled trial on the impact on psychological distress
Norwood, M. F., Bennett, J. W., Marsh, C. H., Jones, S., Gan, L., Hollins, I., Lakhani, A., McAnirlin, O., Browning, M. H. E. M., & Gustafsson, L. A. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102634 · Cited by 1
Effect of Cognitive Pain Self-Management Program on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Women with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Pilot Study
Salayani, F., Ebrahimabad, M. J. A., Mashhadi, A., Reza, A. H. S., Ghavidel, R. A., & Nejad, H. M. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22038/ebcj.2016.7317 · Cited by 1
Childhood Adverse Events and Adult Physical and Mental Health: A National Study
Rosinski, A., Weiss, R. A., & Clatch, L. (2018) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn23.1.40 · Cited by 2
The Influence of Cognitive Heuristics and Stereotypes About Greek Letter Organizations on Jury Decisions
Kramer, A. L., & Volkom, M. V. (2018) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn23.1.51 · Cited by 1
Improving the acceptability of internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy among Black Americans.
Ellis, D. M., & Anderson, P. L. (2021) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000044 · Cited by 1
“Studies have shown that church-based mental health promotion initiatives have significant influence on health behaviors among African Americans (Campbell et al., 2007; Peterson et al., 2002).”
MethodInfluential
Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Anxiety Before, During, and After a Standardized Patient Encounter
Boddicker, B., Winkelmann, Z. K., Neil, E. R., Walker, S. E., & Eberman, L. E. (2020) · Athletic Training Education Journal · doi:10.4085/1947-380x-63-19 · Cited by 1
Survey of Stress in COVID Patient Post Treatment: A Qualitative Research
Kancherla, N., Garlapati, S. K. P., Raparla, Y., Jamil, M., Jamil, J., & Mannava, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_376_21 · Cited by 1
“[23] This tool has three scales, each comprising seven questions.”
Metacognition and cravings during smoking cessation
Nosen, E. (2012) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0072865 · Cited by 1
The impact of varieties of shame on disordered eating: Exploring the influence of emotion regulation and self-compassion
Hopkins, T. A. (2016) · Aquila Digital Community (University of Southern Mississippi) · Cited by 1
Factors that are Associated with Readiness to Transition from Pediatric to Adult Health Care in Cystic Fibrosis
Corman, L. A. (2014) · doi:10.33915/etd.7307 · Cited by 1
Being Brazilian, Becoming Canadian: Acculturation Strategies, Quality of Life, Negative Affect, and Well-being in a Sample of Brazilian Immigrants Living in the Greater Toronto Area
Costa, I. R. D. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Caraterização da Saúde Mental numa população jovem dos Açores: da psicopatologia ao bem-estar
Monte, K. (2014) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 1
The validation of Corona Anxiety Questionnaire in Iranian PopulationPreprint
Mehraeen, M., Heydari, M. R., Joulaei, H., & Faghih, M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-154443/v1 · Cited by 1
Development and Validation of Fear of Relapse Scale for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple SclerosisPreprint
Khatibi, A., Moradi, N., Rahbari, N., Salehi, T., & Dehghani, M. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9fjwr · Cited by 1
Supplemental Material for Improving the Acceptability of Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Among Black Americans
Ellis, D. M., & Anderson, P. L. (2020) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000044.supp · Cited by 1
Open to interpretation? Inconsistent reporting of lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury across two common assessments
Robinson, K., & Wilson, M. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12991478 · Cited by 1
Exploring the utility of the depression anxiety and stress scales, short form (DASS-21) as a progress monitoring tool for youth
Dwight, A. R. (2022) · doi:10.17760/d20467197 · Cited by 1
A naturalistic study of the efficacy and acceptability of rTMS in treating major depressive disorder in Australian youthPreprint
Miljevic, A., Hoath, K., Leggett, K. S., Hennessy, L. A., Boax, C. A., Hryniewicki, J., & Rodger, J. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.06.20.24309219 · Cited by 1
“Further, the 21-item self-report Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21 27,28 ).”
Cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation in the theta band facilitates extinction of learned fear responsesPreprint
Thieme, A. G., Spisák, Z., Zeidan, P., Klein, M., Nio, E., Ernst, T., Diekmann, N., Göricke, S., Cheng, S., Merz, C. J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.632735 · Cited by 1
The Distinct Contributions of Affective Distress and Personality to Memory Complaints Made in Older Adulthood
Merema, M. R. (2014) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine
Negative Event Appraisals, Cognitive Processing, and Adjustment
Riley, K. E. (2012) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut)
Brides and grandmothers: challenges for older Filipinos in Australia
Butler Wilks, A. (2013) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27351051
A measure of cognitive vulnerability : development and validation of the Anxiety Attitude and Belief Scale [PhD Thesis]
Jónsdóttir, S. (2008) · Hirsla (Landspítali University Hospital)
Accessing Mental Health Support: Where do Young Adults Seek Help and what Barriers do they Face?
Salaheddin, K. S. (2016) · University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) · doi:10.18745/th.21927
“, 1998), across cultures (Norton, 2007) and ages (Szabó, 2010).”
Background
INVESTIGATING AND OFFERING A MODEL FOR PREDICTING SUCCESS RATE OF CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT SURGERY WITH THE USE OF DEMOGRAPHIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL FACTORS
Vahid, S. F., Rostami, R., Ali, B. M., & Abbas, R. N. (2013)
Reaching out to the divine: An examination of God images and prayer functions
Dixon, L. S. (2014) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
The transition from acute to chronic post-surgical pain – A prospective cohort study
MacLachlan, C. (2016) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Resilience and social support as moderators between financial stressors and strain
Klipp, Y. D. (2014) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)
THE MEDIATING ROLE OF HEALTH RELATED BEHAVIORS, CHRONIC STRESS, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME
Hamid, S., Ali, B. M., Hadi, B. E., Rajab, A., Saideh, R. M., & Hamideh, J. (2015)
A longitudinal study of older couples coping with chronic conditions
Miller, C. (2015)
Emotion-Related Factors as Mediators in the Relation Between Family Stress and Adolescent Externalizing Problems
DiSabatino, K. M. (2016) · Aquila Digital Community (University of Southern Mississippi)
Behavioural avoidance in excessive worriers: maintenance and treatment
Liu, X. (2013) · Figshare · doi:10.25949/19440701
From combat to classroom: An examination of combat trauma's effects on military veteran's relationships and adjustment to college
Boul, S. J. (2015) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
Mental health and resilience in youth of deported parents: A case series
Coulter, K. M. (2016) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Healthcare Use Self-Efficacy in Adults Who Are Homeless
Israel, J. I. (2017) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis)
Effects of Mirror Exposure and Brief Mindfulness Interventions in Undergraduate Females with Weight and Shape Concerns
Kinsaul, J. (2015) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.556
“The DASS-21 has adequate internal consistency (depression: α = .829; anxiety: α .77; stress: α = .87; Norton, 2007), and the Cronbach’s alpha for the present study was .90.”
Reciprocal risk: The longitudinal relationship between emotion regulation and non-suicidal self-injury
Robinson, K. (2017) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17065211
The GRE Psychology Subject Test: Advising Implications of a Faded Criterion for Graduate Admissions
Morgan, B. L. (2018) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn23.1.4 · Cited by 1
Sugar, Spice, and Everything Nice: Food Flavors, Attraction, and Romantic Interest
Miska, J., Hemmesch, A. R., & Buswell, B. N. (2018) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn23.1.7
Impact of Mental and Health Promotion on Parents Caring for Children with Cerebral Palsy in Ile-Ife, South-West, Nigeria
Adedeji, G. A. (2018) · Texila international journal of public health · doi:10.21522/tijph.2013.06.01.art007
Psychological consequences of bullying in the secondary schools of Capricorn District, Limpopo Province
Setlhwana, S. O. (2016)
EXPLORING ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ALCOHOL USE, STRESS, AND STUDENTS' ATTITUDE TOWARDS STATISTICS
Kunicki, Z. J. (2018) · doi:10.23860/thesis-kunicki-zachary-2018
Effects of health information seeking behaviors on anxiety, and loss among East Asian international students
Chuang, C.-C. (2017) · doi:10.32469/10355/65258
The Role Of Acceptance In Headache-Related Variables
Hamer, J. D. (2014)
The complex interplay between schizotypy and emotional, cognitive and psychological factors
Webster, L. (2019) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository)
Les bottines suivent-elles les babines? Validation d’un modèle de congruence pour expliquer la santé, la satisfaction et la performance au travail
Demers, M., & Tivendell, J. (2020) · Ad machina l avenir de l humain au travail · doi:10.1522/radm.no3.1100
An Examination of the Interaction Between Hormonal Contraceptive Use, Behaviour, and Psychology
Irvine, T. B. (2019) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-ka8p-dt36
The Effectiveness of a Mindfulness, Acceptance, Valued Action, and Flexible Coping Intervention for Race-Based Stress on Momentary Coping and Distress Symptoms
Martinez, J. H. (2020)
Psychological distress related to the COVID-19 epidemic in an Italian population of People Living with HIV: an online surveyPreprint
Donne, V. D., Ciccarelli, N., Massaroni, V., Lombardi, F., Lamonica, S., Borghetti, A., Fabbiani, M., Cauda, R., & Giambenedetto, S. D. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-98904/v1
“To measure Mental Health Status the “Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale” (DASS-21) was administered (Henry and Crawford 2005; Norton 2007).”
Method
Prevalence of COVID-19 Related Concerns and the Association with Psychological Symptom Severity Among U.S. Adults Engaged in Telebehavioral Therapy During the Pandemic
Kashine, N. L., Greenberger, H. M., Andreopoulos, E., & Pande, R. L. (2021) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2021.1951923
“The validity of the DASS-21 has been documented across various populations (Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998; Henry & Crawford, 2005; Norton, 2007).”
Background
Integration of Resilience Training and English Training through a Lens of Social Constructionism
Wang, Y., Peng, Y., Mitchell, L. A., Hu, J., Liu, P., & Tang, H. (2021) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2021.1989354 · Cited by 1
“DASS-21 maintains its psychometric properties across racial groups (Norton, 2007).”
Background
Rejected by the family for being lesbian and gay : exploring and testing factors that contribute to resilience
Carastathis, G. (2013) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine
Digital Technologies for Mental Health Improvements in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review (Preprint)Preprint
Li, J. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.34856
Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Exercise Interventions for Preserving Human Health and Preventing and Treating Chronic Conditions across the Lifespan
Soriano‐Maldonado, A. (2021) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-2501-3
Evaluating the Relationship Between Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) and Physical and Mental Health Status in Patients with Stroke
Hatefi, M., & Nouri, L. (2021) · Archives of Neuroscience · doi:10.5812/ans.119465
How COVID-19 Has Changed Chinese Young Adults’ Mental Health Status
Zhou, X. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.220401.091
Suspicious Minds: The Link Between Stress and Perceptions of Agency
Meier, J. (2020) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17151278
Suicidal Ideation in Relationship to Stress, Anxiety and Depression among University Students
Ayubi, B. (2020) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2020.6134
Open to interpretation? Inconsistent reporting of lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury across two common assessments
Robinson, K., & Wilson, M. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12991478.v1

Authors: Norton, P. J.
Affiliations: University of Houston (US)
Corresponding author: Norton, Peter J.
ORCID: Norton, Peter J.
Venue: Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2007-08-08
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 253-265
ISSN: 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
1477-2205
DOI: 10.1080/10615800701309279
OpenAlex: W2088994872
Cited by: 708
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 7.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: DASS-21, DASS, cross-cultural validity, racial groups, measurement invariance, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, depression, anxiety, stress
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Anxiety, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depression, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Racial Groups

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks