Exploring the global decline of music education
Abstract
This article seeks to explain the disjuncture between the decline of music education in schools and the importance music has in popular youth culture and in creativity within the new knowledge economy. The data discussed in this article have been derived from analyses of major documents on curriculum reform as well as e-mail responses from music educators around the world. This analysis reveals that these music educators agree with the perception of a demise in music education around the world, as well as the significance of the disjuncture alluded to. The four major reasons found for the decline in music education are: (1) the model of curriculum supported in educational reforms; (2) an emphasis on standardized evaluation; (3) less resources available; and (4) a wrong approach on music advocacy.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
(2014) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137392916.0011 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Winner, E., Goldstein, T. R., & Vincent‐Lancrin, S. (2012) · Educational research and innovation · doi:10.1787/9789264180789-en · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Rethinking accountability in a knowledge society
Sahlberg, P. (2008) · Journal of Educational Change · doi:10.1007/s10833-008-9098-2 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
OECD (2010) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264083479-en · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives
OECD (2012) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264177338-en · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Liefner, I. (2017) · International Encyclopedia of Geography · doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0046 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
The Routledge International Handbook of Intercultural Arts Research
Plaza, J. L. A., & Txakartegi, G. I. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315693699 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Creativity and performativity: Counterpoints in British and Australian education
Burnard, P., & White, J. (2008) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1080/01411920802224238 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
On Competence: A Critical Analysis of Competence-Based Reforms in Higher Education
Gibbons, R. D. (1980) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.1980.11780106 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
ANÁLISIS DE LAS COMPETENCIAS BÁSICAS COMO NÚCLEO CURRICULAR EN LA EDUCACIÓN OBLIGATORIA ESPAÑOLA
Ferrer, A. T. (2011) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 29 · see citing works
EL PROBLEMA DE LAS COMPETENCIAS EN LA EDUCACIÓN GENERAL
Hoz, A. D. L. O. (2014) · Bordón. Revista de pedagogía · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Early Childhood Musical Development
Welch, G. F. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47511-1_10 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gordon, S. C. (1980) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/443516 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Integrating the Arts: Educational Entrepreneurship in a School Setting
Bresler, L. (2011) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Harris, M. (2009) · Rowman & Littlefield Publishers eBooks · doi:10.5771/9781607090632 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Musicianship in the 21st Century
Leong, S. I. (2003) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lindeman, C. A. (2005) · International Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1177/0255761405052398 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- ———, 2011, Hellenic Journal of Music, Education and Culture, 2, 5
- Burnard P., 2010, Studies in Music from the University of Western Ontario, 23, 18
- de la Orden A, 2011, Bordón, 63, 47
- European Commission, 2012, Rethinking education: Investing in skills for better socio-economic outcomes
- European Parliament and Council of the European Union, 2006, Official Journal of the European Union, 30.12.2006
- Rodríguez Martínez, 2012, Globalisms and power: Iberian educational and curriculum policies
- Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture of Spain, 2013, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 295, 97858
- ———, 2014, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 52, 19349
- Stake R. E., 1991, Custom and cherising: The arts in elementary schools
- Tiana A., 2011, Bordón, 63, 63
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotions evoked by the sound of music: Characterization, classification, and measurement.
Zentner, M. R., Grandjean, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.4.494 · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
The STEAM approach: Implementation and educational, social and economic consequences
Palacios, F. J. P., & Plaza, J. L. A. (2021) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2021.1974997 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Calderón-Garrido, D., & Carnicer, J. G. (2021) · Music Education Research · doi:10.1080/14613808.2021.1902488 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Rethinking Music Education and Social Change
Kertz-Welzel, A. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197566275.001.0001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Educational Policy Reforms and the Politics of Music Teacher Education
Rusinek, G., & Plaza, J. L. A. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356157.013.7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
La defensa de la educación musical desde las neurociencias
Acítores, A. P. (2017) · Revista Electrónica Complutense de Investigación en Educación Musical - RECIEM · doi:10.5209/reciem.54814 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Generalist or specialist music teachers? Lessons from two continents
Plaza, J. L. A., & Kyakuwa, J. (2020) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2020.1746715 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dios, M. Á. Q., López-Iñesta, E., Ojeda, M. D., Manzanares, M. C. S., & Dorrío, J. B. V. (2021) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1080/02103702.2021.1925475 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Assessment and Evaluation in Personalized STEAM Education
Subramanian, M., Portia, R., Mishra, B. R., Selvakumar, P., Rajlakshmi, P. V., & Manjunath, T. C. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7718-5.ch005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Implications of neoliberalism and knowledge economy for music education
Aróstegui, J. L. (2020) · Music Education Research · doi:10.1080/14613808.2019.1703923 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Music for all: Identifying, challenging and overcoming barriers
Burland, K. (2020) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/2059204320946950 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kos, R. P. (2018) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2017.1327383 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Design and implementation of multimedia teaching platform based on SOA architecture
Liu, Y. (2020) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-020-08735-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mellizo, J. M., & Cabedo–Mas, A. (2022) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2022.2070887 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wan, W. (2023) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2188400 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Neoliberalismo, Economía del Conocimiento y Educación Musical
Plaza, J. L. A. (2017) · Revista Electrónica Complutense de Investigación en Educación Musical - RECIEM · doi:10.5209/reciem.57044 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Developing ‘active citizens’: Arts Award, creativity and impact
Robinson, Y., Paraskevopoulou, A., & Hollingworth, S. (2019) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3558 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
‘Turn up the volume and listen to my voice’: Students’ perceptions of Music in school
Stavrou, N. E., & Papageorgi, I. (2020) · Research Studies in Music Education · doi:10.1177/1321103x20929709 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Schmidt, P. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190227029.001.0001 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
García, Y. B., Pastor, R. M. S., & Casanova, Ó. (2025) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2025.2459917 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Helton, B. C. (2020) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2020.1731898 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lilliedahl, J. (2021) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2021.1903639 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Soundtrapped? Socio-material perspectives on collaborative teaching within the music classroom
Holdhus, K., Christophersen, C., & Partti, H. (2022) · Research Studies in Music Education · doi:10.1177/1321103x221115978 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
La crisis de la educación musical como consecuencia de la decadencia de la institución educativa
Ángel-Alvarado, R. (2019) · Revista Educación · doi:10.15517/revedu.v44i1.39188 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chinese folk music and its effect on human mathematical thinking skills
Wang, Q., & Luo, J. (2021) · Interdisciplinary Science Reviews · doi:10.1080/03080188.2021.1956798 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Jiménez, A. F., & Jorquera-Jaramillo, M.-C. (2017) · Revista Electrónica Complutense de Investigación en Educación Musical - RECIEM · doi:10.5209/reciem.54834 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ángel-Alvarado, R., Gárate-González, B., & Quiroga-Fuentes, I. (2021) · Action Criticism and Theory for Music Education · doi:10.22176/act20.3.108 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Papageorgi, I., & Stavrou, N. E. (2021) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/10298649211055832 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nissen, J. (2023) · British Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1017/s0265051723000098 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
La crisis de la educación musical como consecuencia de la decadencia de la institución educativa
Ángel-Alvarado, R. (2018) · Revista Educación · doi:10.15517/revedu.v42i2.29055 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tejada, J., Thayer, T., & Navarrete, M. A. (2020) · Didacticae Revista de Investigación en Didácticas Específicas · doi:10.1344/did.2020.7.30-56 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lilliedahl, J., & Rapp, S. (2018) · Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy · doi:10.1080/20020317.2018.1527609 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Music teachers at the crossroads: navigating the curriculum as plan and lived
Stavrou, N. E., & O'Connell, L. (2022) · Music Education Research · doi:10.1080/14613808.2022.2038109 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lage-Gómez, C., Chatelain, S., & Andreu, R. C. (2023) · Research Studies in Music Education · doi:10.1177/1321103x231181559 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Exploring the low enrolment of music as a subject within Hong Kong senior secondary school education
Cheng, L. (2023) · International Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1177/02557614221115882 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Esteban, C. L. (2023) · Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca eBooks · doi:10.14201/0aq0347 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mateu-Luján, B. (2020) · Revista Española de Educación Comparada · doi:10.5944/reec.37.2021.27541 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ángel-Alvarado, R., Quiroga-Fuentes, I., & Gárate-González, B. (2022) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2022.2043970 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Barrett, M. S., & Zhukov, K. (2024) · Music Education Research · doi:10.1080/14613808.2024.2416244 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, H., Chai, C. S., & Wang, X. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100525 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Out of the Woods Yet? The Continuing Impact of National Standards on New Zealand Music Education
Browne, J. (2022) · New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1007/s40841-022-00243-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neuroscience literacy in educators’ training programs in Asia: A call to action
Schmied, A., & Jamaludin, A. (2023) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.10.006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Conceptualizing Musical Vulnerability
MacGregor, E. H. (2022) · Philosophy of Music Education Review · doi:10.2979/philmusieducrevi.30.1.03 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ángel-Alvarado, R. (2018) · REDU Revista de Docencia Universitaria · doi:10.4995/redu.2018.7038 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
El aprendizaje basado en proyectos en el aula de música
Nicolás, A. M. B., & Ramos, P. R. (2021) · Per Musi · doi:10.35699/2317-6377.2020.24084 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hardcastle, E., Pitts, S. E., & Plaza, J. L. A. (2016) · International Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1177/0255761416667471 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Moving beyond precision: adapting to new measures of learning via improvisation in music education
Choi, S. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-00534-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Entender la educación musical como un derecho humano
Ángel-Alvarado, R., & León, R. T. (2022) · REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN MUSICAL · doi:10.1177/23074841221131438 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Smiraglia, C., Asaah, G. D., & Lacerda, H. S. (2018) · JMU Scholoraly Commons (James Madison University) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gómez‐Núñez, M. I., Muñoz, M. Á. C., & Núñez, J. A. G. (2021) · Revista Electrónica Complutense de Investigación en Educación Musical - RECIEM · doi:10.5209/reciem.71433 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tejada, J., Ribes, A. M. I., & Mateu-Luján, B. (2023) · British Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1017/s0265051723000384 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhukov, K., & Barrett, M. S. (2025) · Research Studies in Music Education · doi:10.1177/1321103x251350668 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
CLAVES PARA UNA EDUCACIÓN MUSICAL TEMPRANA, CREATIVA E INCLUSIVA
Acítores, A. P. (2018) · Tabanque · doi:10.24197/trp.31.2018.29-41 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Plaza, J. L. A. (2022) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08697-7_5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mateos-Moreno, D., & Bravo-Fuentes, P. (2023) · Music Education Research · doi:10.1080/14613808.2023.2244523 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Identifying Factors for Integrating Math and Music Education at Primary Schools in Namibia
Laato, S., Shivoro, R., Pope, N., Gideon, F., & Sutinen, E. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering · doi:10.1109/tale48000.2019.9225949 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nguyen, T. T. H., Knigge, J., Sæther, M., & Oravec, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1648016 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Plaza, J. L. A., Perales, F. J., & Bautista, A. (2019) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1080/02103702.2019.1579450 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Estudio bibliométrico de la producción científica de educación musical en España (1978-2022)
Nicolás, G. V., & Sánchez-Marroquí, J. (2024) · Revista Española de Pedagogía · doi:10.22550/2174-0909.3926 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chen, P. (2024) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2024-3282 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
If Music Be the Food of Education: Thinking Elementary Music Education with Michel Serres
Koopal, W., & Vlieghe, J. (2022) · Philosophy of education · doi:10.47925/78.1.119 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
¿Estamos tan mal? La Educación Musical en España respecto a Alemania y Austria
Mateu-Luján, B. (2021) · Revista Electrónica de LEEME · doi:10.7203/leeme.48.21552 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
McCabe, U., & Flannery, M. (2022) · European Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/02619768.2022.2040478 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Miller, R., Liu, K. Y., Crowley, C. B., & Yu, M. (2023) · Educational Philosophy and Theory · doi:10.1080/00131857.2023.2286884 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, J. (2024) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2024.100689 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Seemuang, J., & Kaenampornpan, P. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2380631 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mateos-Moreno, D. (2025) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2025.2451809 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gormley, K. (2025) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2025.2451808 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
LA ORQUESTA ENTRA EN LA ESCUELA. “IN CRESCENDO”: LUCES Y SOMBRAS DE UN ENCUENTRO PROMETEDOR
del Pozo, M. J. V. (2018) · Tabanque · doi:10.24197/trp.31.2018.108-122 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Development of students' communicative culture in the context of artistic practices
Деркач, С., Melnyk, M., Fisher, V., Krypchuk, M., & Chystiakov, O. (2021) · Linguistics and Culture Review · doi:10.21744/lingcure.v5ns4.1747 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
González-Zamora, A., Ribes, A. M. I., Tejada, J., & Mateu-Luján, B. (2024) · Música Hodie · doi:10.5216/mh.v23.77087 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
MacGregor, E. H., Breeze, T., & John, V. (2025) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2025.2541817 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jiang, H. (2025) · International Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1177/02557614251397340 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Valenzuela, F. J. Z., & García, Y. B. (2025) · British Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1017/s0265051725100624 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Calderón-Garrido, D., Carnicer, J. G., Requena, S. O., & Casals-Balaguer, M. (2025) · Revista Electrónica Complutense de Investigación en Educación Musical - RECIEM · doi:10.5209/reciem.91466 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Revival and resistance: re-imagining policy agency in music education
Kallio, A. A., Jones, T., Yarnold, R., & HARDY, R. (2026) · Music Education Research · doi:10.1080/14613808.2025.2611234 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Beauchamp, G., Breeze, T., John, V., & MacGregor, E. H. (2026) · British Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1017/s0265051726100849 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Pressures on, and of, Curriculum
Buchanan, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8538-8_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kertz-Welzel, A. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197566275.003.0002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kertz-Welzel, A. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197566275.003.0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Green, M., & McNair, C. L. (2019) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-0246-4.ch008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ramos, P. R., Colchero, E. G., Calvo, V. B., & García, F. G. (2022) · ARTSEDUCA Revista electrónica de educación en las Artes · doi:10.6035/artseduca.6128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rubio, J. C. M., Núñez, N. L., & Melgarejo, A. M. L. (2023) · Revista Interuniversitaria de Investigación en Tecnología Educativa · doi:10.6018/riite.578641 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yu, B., & Kelly, S. (2022) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107120 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Horwitz, E. B., Theorell, E., Thyrén, D., Scheja, S., & Theorell, T. (2022) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2022.138153 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evaluation of music learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in senior high schools
Nugrahhu, P. A. (2023) · REID (Research and Evaluation in Education) · doi:10.21831/reid.v9i2.64223 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Edwards, M. (2019) · British Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1017/s0265051719000123 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ARTSEDUCA. Revista electrónica de educación en las Artes
Vernia Carrasco, A. M. (2018) · ARTSEDUCA Revista electrónica de educación en las Artes · doi:10.6035/artseduca · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Calderón-Garrido, D., Carnicer, J. G., Calderón, C., & Piñol, C. M. (2017) · Aloma: revista de psicologia, ciències de l'educació i de l'esport Blanquerna · doi:10.51698/aloma.2017.35.2.59-68
Edwards, M. (2019) · British Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1017/s0265051719000147
Green, M., & McNair, C. L. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-2411-7.ch037
Evaluation of Monterey Jazz Festival’s Clinicians in the Schools Program
Santos, M. L. (2019) · Digital Commons - CSUMB (California State University, Monterey Bay)
A New Kind of Teacher Activism
Schmidt, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190227029.003.0003
Schmidt, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190227029.003.0002
The Music Educator as a Policy Analyst
Schmidt, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190227029.003.0006
The Impact and Importance of Policy in the Lives of Music Teachers
Schmidt, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190227029.003.0001
Becoming Part of the Policy Process
Schmidt, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190227029.003.0007
Policy Beyond Traditional Walls
Schmidt, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190227029.003.0004
Lage-Gómez, C. (2019) · Revista Electrónica Complutense de Investigación en Educación Musical - RECIEM · doi:10.5209/reciem.65335
Carnicer, J. G., Calderón-Garrido, D., Burillo, S. B., & Piñol, C. M. (2021) · Didacticae Revista de Investigación en Didácticas Específicas · doi:10.1344/did.2021.9.100-119
- Authors
- Aróstegui, J. L.
- Venue
- Arts Education Policy Review
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 96-103
- ISSN
- 1063-2913 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-4395
- OpenAlex
- W2338140656
- Semantic Scholar
- 74994ca025bf22f9cbe42160c787f963e7211d2f
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 192.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Arts Education Policy Review (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Diverse Music Education Insights
- Social Sciences › Education › Music Education and Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Art Education and Development
- Keywords
- school music curriculum, curriculum reform, standardized testing, music education funding, knowledge economy, creativity, youth culture, music teachers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review