The Effects of Goat Manure, Sewage Sludge And Effective Microorganisms on the Composting of Pine Bark
Abstract
This study investigated the cocomposting of pine bark with goat manure or sewage sludge, with or without inoculated effective microorganisms (EM). Composting was done for 90 days and parameters monitored over this period included temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C/N ratio, inorganic N, as well as tannin content. Changes in temperature, pH and EC during composting were consistent with those generally observed with other composting systems. The parameters were influenced by the feedstock materials used but were not affected by inoculation with effective microorganisms. The highest temperature measured from pine bark-goat manure composts was 60°C but much lower maximum temperatures of 40°C and 30°C were observed for pine bark sewage sludge and pine bark alone composts, respectively. The C/N ratios of the composts decreased with composting time. Ammonium levels decreased while nitrate levels increased with composting time. Tannin levels generally decreased with composting time but the extent of decrease depended on the contents of the composting mixtures. The trends observed showed that temperature, pH, EC, C/N ratio, tannin levels, and inorganic NH4-N and NO3-N were reliable parameters for monitoring the co-composting of pine bark with goat manure or sewage sludge. The pine bark-goat manure compost had more desirable nutritional properties than the pine bark and pine bark-sewage sludge composts. It had high CEC, near neutral pH, low C/N ratio, and high amounts of inorganic N and bases (K, Ca, and Mg) while pine bark compost had the least amounts of nutrients, was acidic, and had high C/N ratio and low CEC. The final tannin content of the pine bark-goat manure compost was below the 20 g/kg upper threshold level for horticultural potting media, implying that its use as a growing medium would not cause toxicity to plants.
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The use of EM in inoculation failed to influence the composting pine bark procedure alone or when combined with the two tested organic materials in a positive manner.
“The use of EM in inoculation failed to influence the composting pine bark procedure alone or when combined with the two tested organic materials in a positive manner [27].”
From Environmental applications of Effective Microorganisms: a review of current knowledge and recommendations for future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Mupondi, L. T., Mnkeni, P. N. S., & Brutsch, M. O.
- Affiliations
- University of Fort Hare (ZA)
- ORCID
- Mnkeni, P. N. S.
- Venue
- Compost Science & Utilization
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 201-210
- ISSN
- 1065-657X (ISSN-L)
- 2326-2397
- OpenAlex
- W2078043954
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Compost Science & Utilization (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Composting and Vermicomposting Techniques
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management
- Keywords
- pine bark, goat manure, sewage sludge, co-composting, effective microorganisms, composting temperature, C/N ratio, tannin content, cation exchange capacity, compost quality, potting media
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