The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sociocultural Factors and School Engagement Among African American Youth: The Roles of Racial Discrimination, Racial Socialization, and Ethnic Identity
Open accessAbstract
This study investigated the links between racial discrimination and school engagement and the roles of racial socialization and ethnic identity as protective factors in those linkages in a sample of 148, sixth through twelfth grade African American adolescents from working and middle-class two-parent families. In home interviews, youth described their ethnic identity, discrimination experiences at school, and school engagement (school bonding, school grades, school self-esteem), and parents rated their racial socialization practices. Analyses revealed that discrimination was negatively related to school self-esteem and school bonding. Racial socialization had additive effects on school self-esteem and school bonding, but did not moderate the discrimination—school engagement association. For boys, ethnic identity had additive effects on school bonding, but for girls, ethnic identity moderated the relation between discrimination and school bonding: when girls experienced more discrimination and had a lower ethnic identity, they reported lower school bonding. Discrimination, racial socialization, and ethnic identity were not related to school grades.
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“they also exhibit better adjustment at school, such as higher levels of school engagement and belonging as well as greater involvement with peers (Dotterer, McHale, & Crouter, 2009; Tran & Lee, 2011; M. T. Wang, 2012).”
From Cultural Socialization Across Contexts: Family–Peer Congruence and Adolescent Well-Being (2016) · cites this paper as Dotterer, McHale, & Crouter, 2009
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Bonanno, S. L. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1442528
Urban School Violence: Responding with Culture and Protective Factors Among Youth of Color
Wallace, C. M., Dixon, R. D., McGee, Z. T., & Malone‐Colon, L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13134-9_4
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Nešić, M. P. (2022) · Temida · doi:10.2298/tem2202199n
Abdulkerim, N. (2022) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20467310
Bjugstad, A., Cardoso, J. B., Chen, T. A., Brabeck, K. M., & Borja, S. G. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23119 · Cited by 3
Allali, L. (2024) · Digital USD (University of San Diego) · doi:10.22371/05.2024.010
Polk, W., Hill, N. E., & Hughes, D. L. (2024) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584241258464
“Safety is a foundational component of school climate (Boxe et al., 2003; Dotterer et al., 2009).”
Lim, J. H., & Yang, C. (2025) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-025-01827-1
Kim, J., Lee, H. Y., & Kim, I. (2025) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.70072 · Cited by 1
Browne, A. P., Smiley, C., & Battle, J. J. (2025) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/00219347251362793
“Research suggests that greater preparation for bias has been related to increased school bonding and higher school self-esteem for Black youth (Dotterer et al., 2009; Umaña-Taylor & Hill, 2020).”
Ware, M., Ladd, B. A., Hall, L. M., Lewis, J. A., & Mekawi, Y. (2025) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-025-01631-0
“…that racial private regard can have beneficial effects on negative mental health outcomes, substance misuse, academic outcomes, and self-esteem (Anderson et al., 2020; Butler-Barnes et al., 2018; Dotterer et al., 2009; Fix et al., 2021; Harris-Britt et al., 2007; Rivas-Drake et al., 2014 ).”
Walker, K. J., Perez‐Brena, N. J., Duncan, J. C., & Perez, R. (2026) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70133
“Past research has shown that ERI buffers the negative effect of risk on African American and Latinx adolescents' mental health and school-related outcomes (Cheref et al., 2019; Dotterer et al., 2009; Iturbide et al., 2009).”
Douthwaite, A., Olaniyan, Y. D., & Brown, C. (2026) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth6020049
Thomas, D. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/7027139
Dabney, R. M. (2012) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Dotterer, A. M., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dotterer, Aryn M.
- Venue
- Applied Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-04-16
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 61-73
- ISSN
- 1088-8691 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-480X
- PMC
- PMC4850833
- OpenAlex
- W1986816549
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 22.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Applied Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD032336)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- school engagement, racial discrimination, racial socialization, ethnic identity, African American adolescents, school connectedness, school self-esteem, school grades, protective factors, gender differences, middle-class families
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