Early developmental actions of endocrine disruptors on the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex

Parent, Anne-Simone; Naveau, Elise; Gerard, Arlette; Bourguignon, Jean-Pierre; Westbrook, Gary L.

doi:10.1080/10937404.2011.578556

Cited by 82Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsSexual Differentiation and DisordersToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

Early developmental actions of endocrine disruptors on the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex

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Parent, Anne-Simone, Naveau, Elise, Gerard, Arlette, Bourguignon, Jean-Pierre, Westbrook, Gary L.·2011·Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

DOI 10.1080/10937404.2011.578556PMC PMC3165012

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Abstract

Sex steroids and thyroid hormones play a key role in the development of the central nervous system. The critical role of these hormonal systems may explain the sensitivity of the hypothalamus, the cerebral cortex, and the hippocampus to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC). This review examines the evidence for endocrine disruption of glial-neuronal functions in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. Focus was placed on two well-studied EDC, the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). DDT is involved in neuroendocrine disruption of the reproductive axis, whereas polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) interact with both the thyroid hormone- and sex steroid-dependent systems and disturb the neuroendocrine control of reproduction and development of hippocampus and cortex. These results highlight the impact of EDC on the developing nervous system and the need for more research in this area.

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PCBs accumulate in the fatty tissue of animals and humans and bioaccumulate in the food chain, leading to continuous exposure.
“They accumulate in the fatty tissue of animals and humans and bioaccumulate in the food chain, leading to continuous exposure (Parent et al., 2011; Schug et al., 2015; Walker and Gore, 2017).”
From Environmental endocrine disruptors at the synapse: mechanisms linking chemical exposure to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction (2026) · cites this paper as Parent et al., 2011
The Introduction (page unavailable) says PCBs have a long half-life and remain ubiquitous environmental contaminants found at high concentrations in humans and animals, supporting persistent exposure. It does not say they accumulate specifically in fatty tissue or bioaccumulate through the food chain; searches for those terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
PCBs and dioxins interfere with hormonal signaling pathways and impair synaptic plasticity.
“PCBs and dioxins interfere with hormonal signaling pathways and thus also impair synaptic plasticity (Parent et al., 2011).”
From Environmental endocrine disruptors at the synapse: mechanisms linking chemical exposure to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction (2026) · cites this paper as Parent et al., 2011
The Cerebral cortex section reports that PCBs alter thyroid-hormone signaling and interfere with dendritic plasticity and long-term potentiation. It does not establish that the plasticity effects result from hormonal interference; it also discusses possible direct neuronal effects. The passages found do not report corresponding synaptic-plasticity effects for dioxins (no page numbers supplied). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Coplanar PCB congeners such as CB-77 and dioxins such as TCDD bind AhR with high affinity, leading to dysregulated gene expression and increased neuronal apoptosis.
“Coplanar PCB congeners such as CB-77 and dioxins such as TCDD bind AhR with high affinity, leading to dysregulated gene expression and increased neuronal apoptosis (Gilbert and Crofton, 1999; Parent et al., 2011).”
From Environmental endocrine disruptors at the synapse: mechanisms linking chemical exposure to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction (2026) · cites this paper as Parent et al., 2011
The Introduction says coplanar PCBs bind AhR, and the Cerebral cortex section reports apoptosis in neuronal cultures and says coplanar PCBs seem to act through AhR to induce cell death. Our copy does not establish high-affinity binding, dysregulated gene expression, or this chain of effects specifically for CB-77 and TCDD. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Astrocytes play an essential role in actin cytoskeleton organization and are indispensable for neuronal migration and synapse maturation.
“Astrocytes play an essential role in actin cytoskeleton organization and are therefore indispensable for neuronal migration and synapse maturation (Parent et al., 2011).”
From Environmental endocrine disruptors at the synapse: mechanisms linking chemical exposure to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction (2026) · cites this paper as Parent et al., 2011
In the Cerebral cortex section (page unavailable), the paper says thyroid hormones regulate the actin cytoskeleton in astrocytes, affecting laminin deposition needed for neuronal migration. It does not say astrocytes organize the actin cytoskeleton or that they are indispensable for synapse maturation; its discussion of synaptogenesis elsewhere concerns thyroid hormones, not this astrocyte mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
DES was prescribed to pregnant women in the mid-20th century to prevent miscarriages.
“A well-known example of an estrogenic EDC is diethylstilbestrol (DES), which was prescribed to pregnant women in the mid-20th century to prevent miscarriages (Parent et al., 2011; Soyer-Gobillard et al., 2025).”
From Environmental endocrine disruptors at the synapse: mechanisms linking chemical exposure to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction (2026) · cites this paper as Parent et al., 2011

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Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupters on Cerebral Cortex Development
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Early developmental actions of endocrine disruptors on the hypothalamus, hippocampus and
Parent, A.-S., Naveau, E., Gérard, A., Bourguignon, J.-P., & Westbrook, G. L. (2015)
Self-citation

Authors: Parent, A.-S., Naveau, E., Gerard, A., Bourguignon, J.-P., & Westbrook, G. L.
Affiliations: University of Liège (BE)
Vollum Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Parent, Anne-Simone
ORCID: Parent, Anne-Simone
Westbrook, Gary L.
Venue: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2011-07
Volume: 14
Issue: 5-7
Pages: 328-345
ISSN: 1093-7404 (ISSN-L)
1521-6950
DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578556
PMC: PMC3165012
OpenAlex: W2075047454
Cited by: 82
References: 125
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 6.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH046613)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P30NS061800)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords: endocrine disruptors, brain development, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, sex steroids, thyroid hormones, DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls, neuroendocrine disruption, reproductive axis, developmental neurotoxicity
MeSH terms: Animals, Cerebral Cortex, DDT, Hippocampus, Humans, Hypothalamus, Neurosecretory Systems, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Reproduction, Endocrine Disruptors

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Early developmental actions of endocrine disruptors on the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex

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