The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A systematic review of the health and well-being benefits of biodiverse environments.
Open accessAbstract
Recent ecosystem service models have placed biodiversity as a central factor in the processes that link the natural environment to health. While it is recognized that disturbed ecosystems might negatively affect human well-being, it is not clear whether biodiversity is related to or can promote "good" human health and well-being. The aim of this study was to systematically identify, summarize, and synthesize research that had examined whether biodiverse environments are health promoting. The objectives were twofold: (1) to map the interdisciplinary field of enquiry and (2) to assess whether current evidence enables us to characterize the relationship. Due to the heterogeneity of available evidence a narrative synthesis approach was used, which is textual rather than statistical. Extensive searches identified 17 papers that met the inclusion criteria: 15 quantitative and 2 qualitative. The evidence was varied in disciplinary origin, with authors approaching the question using different study designs and methods, and conceptualizations of biodiversity, health, and well-being. There is some evidence to suggest that biodiverse natural environments promote better health through exposure to pleasant environments or the encouragement of health-promoting behaviors. There was also evidence of inverse relationships, particularly at a larger scale (global analyses). However, overall the evidence is inconclusive and fails to identify a specific role for biodiversity in the promotion of better health. High-quality interdisciplinary research is needed to produce a more reliable evidence base. Of particular importance is identifying the specific ecosystem services, goods, and processes through which biodiversity may generate good health and well-being.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The link between biodiversity of green spaces (however, measured) and psychological well-being remains unclear, and few studies have also attempted to incorporate an analysis of non-biological (site facilities) quality.”
From Not All Green Space Is Created Equal: Biodiversity Predicts Psychological Restorative Benefits From Urban Green Space (2018) · cites this paper as Lovell et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, research that has attempted to investigate the link between biodiversity in green spaces and psychological well-being has produced mixed results (Lovell et al., 2014).”
From Not All Green Space Is Created Equal: Biodiversity Predicts Psychological Restorative Benefits From Urban Green Space (2018) · cites this paper as Lovell et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis
Assessment, M. E. (2005) · Island Press · doi:10.5281/zenodo.18167309 · Cited by 10,665
Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.52.6.377 · Cited by 8,252
Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity
Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G. M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D. A., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11148 · Cited by 7,457 · cited 1×
“These reviews identified biodiversity as playing a key role in regulating and modulating ecosystem processes and functions, and the goods and services ecosystems provide (Balvanera et al., 2006; Cardinale et al., 2012; Norris, 2011).”
BackgroundThe restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework
Kaplan, S. (1995) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2 · Cited by 6,923
Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments
Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(05)80184-7 · Cited by 5,990
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1. The Cochrane Collaboration
Higgins, J., Green, S. R., & Higgins, J. (2008) · Cited by 5,544
OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
(1986) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/1.4.405 · Cited by 3,903
Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care
Tacconelli, E. (2010) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70065-7 · Cited by 3,270
Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., van der Horst, H. E., Jadad, A. R., Kromhout, D., Leonard, B. E., Lorig, K. R., Loureiro, I., Meer, J. W. M. V. D., et al. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d4163 · Cited by 2,983
Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services
Balvanera, P., Pfisterer, A. B., Buchmann, N., He, J., Nakashizuka, T., Raffaelli, D., & Schmid, B. (2006) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x · Cited by 2,650
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Sadler, B., & Dalal-Clayton, B. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781849772631-19 · Cited by 2,625
Convention on Biological Diversity
Cropper, A. (1993) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892900023614 · Cited by 2,485
Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study
Mitchell, R., & Popham, F. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61689-x · Cited by 2,099
Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases
Keesing, F., Belden, L. K., Daszak, P., Dobson, A., Harvell, C. D., Holt, R. D., Hudson, P., Jolles, A., Jones, K. E., Mitchell, C. E., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09575 · Cited by 2,043
Grand challenges in global mental health
Collins, P. Y., Patel, V., Joestl, S. S., March, D., Insel, T. R., Daar, A. S., Bordin, I. A., Costello, E. J., Durkin, M., Fairburn, C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/475027a · Cited by 2,043
A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments
Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L. M., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-456 · Cited by 1,993 · cited 2×
“The lack of a comprehensive body of research regarding the health and well-being benefits of specific environment types, states, or conditions was alluded to elsewhere (Bowler et al., 2010; Lachowycz and Jones, 2011).”
BackgroundBiodiversity and ecosystem services: A multilayered relationship
Mace, G. M., Norris, K., & Fitter, A. H. (2012) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.006 · Cited by 1,832
Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis
Beaglehole, R., Bonita, R., Horton, R., Adams, C., Alleyne, G., Asaria, P., Baugh, V., Bekedam, H., Billo, N., Casswell, S., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60393-0 · Cited by 1,615
The health benefits of urban green spaces: a review of the evidence
Lee, A. C., & Maheswaran, R. (2010) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdq068 · Cited by 1,583
(1993) · Cited by 1,573
Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity.
Fuller, R. A., Irvine, K. N., Devine-Wright, P., Warren, P. H., & Gaston, K. J. (2007) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0149 · Cited by 1,549
Self-citationBiodiversity loss threatens human well-being
Díaz, S., Fargione, J., Chapin, F. S., & Tilman, D. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277 · Cited by 1,544
Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es102947t · Cited by 1,391
Self-citationWhat are the benefits of interacting with nature?
Keniger, L., Gaston, K., Irvine, K., & Fuller, R. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph10030913 · Cited by 1,204 · cited 2×
“Active exposure to, and use of, the natural environment is also associated with better health (Keniger et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2011; Thompson Coon et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGuidelines for systematic review in Conservation and environmental management
PULLIN, A. S., & STEWART, G. B. (2006) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00485.x · Cited by 1,137
Morbidity is related to a green living environment
Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., de Vries, S., Spreeuwenberg, P., Schellevis, F. G., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2009) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2008.079038 · Cited by 1,133
The relation between perceived sensory dimensions of urban green space and stress restoration
Grahn, P., & Stigsdotter, U. K. (2010) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.10.012 · Cited by 923
How can systematic reviews incorporate qualitative research? A critical perspective
Dixon-Woods, M., Bonas, S., Booth, A., Jones, D. R., Miller, T., Sutton, A. J., Shaw, R. L., Smith, J. A., & Young, B. (2006) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794106058867 · Cited by 860
Health effects of viewing landscapes – Landscape types in environmental psychology
Velarde, M. D., Fry, G. L. A., & Tveit, M. S. (2007) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2007.07.001 · Cited by 794
Dallimer, M., Irvine, K. N., Skinner, A. M. J., Davies, Z. G., Rouquette, J. R., Maltby, L. L., Warren, P. H., Armsworth, P. R., & Gaston, K. J. (2012) · BioScience · doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.1.9 · Cited by 783
Self-citationMotivations for Conserving Urban Biodiversity
DEARBORN, D. C., & Kark, S. (2009) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01328.x · Cited by 725
Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in sytematic reviews
Popay, J., Roberts, H. M., Sowden, A. J., Petticrew, M. P., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., & Britten, N. (2006) · Cited by 690
Greenspace and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence
Lachowycz, K., & Jones, A. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00827.x · Cited by 603
Lee, J., Park, B.-J., Tsunetsugu, Y., Ohira, T., Kagawa, T., & Miyazaki, Y. (2011) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2010.09.005 · Cited by 517 · cited 1×
“Active exposure to, and use of, the natural environment is also associated with better health (Keniger et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2011; Thompson Coon et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGender differences in relationships between urban green space and health in the United Kingdom
Richardson, E. A., & Mitchell, R. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.015 · Cited by 517
Greenspace, urbanity and health: relationships in England
Mitchell, R., & Popham, F. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.053553 · Cited by 504
Biodiversity in urban habitat patches
Angold, P. G., Sadler, J. P., Hill, M. O., Pullin, A. S., Rushton, S. P., Austin, K., Small, E. C., Wood, B. C., Wadsworth, R. A., Sanderson, R., et al. (2005) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.035 · Cited by 493
Greenspace in urban neighbourhoods and residents' health: adding quality to quantity
van Dillen, S. M. E., de Vries, S., Groenewegen, P., & Spreeuwenberg, P. M. M. (2011) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2009.104695 · Cited by 478
Does living by the coast improve health and wellbeing?
Wheeler, B. W., White, M. P., Stahl-Timmins, W., & Depledge, M. H. (2012) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.015 · Cited by 393
Self-citationPoverty and biodiversity: Measuring the overlap of human poverty and the biodiversity hotspots
Fisher, B., & Christopher, T. (2006) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.05.020 · Cited by 361
Benefits of wildlife consumption to child nutrition in a biodiversity hotspot
Golden, C. D., Fernald, L. C. H., Brashares, J. S., Rasolofoniaina, B. J. R., & Kremen, C. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112586108 · Cited by 358
Wildlife tourism: the intangible, psychological benefits of human–wildlife encounters
Curtin, S. (2009) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500903042857 · Cited by 343
Björk, J., Albin, M. C., Grahn, P., Jacobsson, H., Ardö, J., Wadbro, J., Östergren, P.-O., & Skärbäck, E. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2007.062414 · Cited by 333
Fischer, A., & Young, J. C. (2007) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.11.024 · Cited by 320
den Berg, A. E. V., & Koole, S. L. (2006) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.11.006 · Cited by 305
Annerstedt, M., Östergren, P., Björk, J., Grahn, P., Skärbäck, E., & Währborg, P. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-337 · Cited by 285
The health benefits of walking in greenspaces of high natural and heritage value
Barton, J., Hine, R., & Pretty, J. (2009) · Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1080/19438150903378425 · Cited by 260
Cummins, S., Stafford, M., Macintyre, S., Marmot, M. G., & Ellaway, A. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2003.016147 · Cited by 249
Sustaining life: how human health depends on biodiversity
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-3831 · Cited by 231
Relations between urban bird and plant communities and human well-being and connection to nature.
LUCK, G. W., DAVIDSON, P., BOXALL, D., & SMALLBONE, L. (2011) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01685.x · Cited by 228
Conservation Science and Action
(1998) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444313499 · Cited by 206
Tilt, J. H., Unfried, T. M., & Roca, B. (2007) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-21.4s.371 · Cited by 201
Can Natural and Virtual Environments Be Used To Promote Improved Human Health and Wellbeing?
Depledge, M. H., Stone, R. J., & Bird, W. J. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es103907m · Cited by 199
Self-citationEcosystem Services and Human Well-Being: a Participatory Study in a Mountain Community in Portugal
Pereira, E., Queiroz, C., Pereira, H., & Vicente, L. (2005) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-01353-100214 · Cited by 188
(2008) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195175097.001.0001 · Cited by 170
Biodiversity loss and the rise of zoonotic pathogens
Ostfeld, R. S. (2009) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02691.x · Cited by 164
de Jong, K., Albin, M. C., Skärbäck, E., Grahn, P., & Björk, J. (2012) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.07.001 · Cited by 160
Kareiva, P., & Marvier, M. (2007) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1007-50 · Cited by 128
Meeting the challenge: developing systematic reviewing in social policy
Wallace, A., Baldwin, S. J., Croucher, K., & Quilgars, D. (2004) · Policy & Politics · doi:10.1332/0305573042009444 · Cited by 115
A relationship between environmental degradation and mental health in rural Western Australia
Speldewinde, P., Cook, A. G., Davies, P., & Weinstein, P. (2009) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.02.011 · Cited by 114
Does biodiversity improve mental health in urban settings?
Dean, J., van Dooren, K., & Weinstein, P. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.040 · Cited by 101
Biodiversity and Human Health: What Role for Nature in Healthy Urban Planning?
Brown, C., & Grant, M. (2005) · Built Environment · doi:10.2148/benv.2005.31.4.326 · Cited by 87
Aswani, S., & Furusawa, T. (2007) · Coastal Management · doi:10.1080/08920750701593394 · Cited by 73
The role of systematic reviews of qualitative evidence in evaluating interventions: a case study
Lorenc, T., Pearson, M., Jamal, F., Cooper, C., & Garside, R. (2012) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1036 · Cited by 61
Lemieux, C. J., Eagles, P. F. J., Slocombe, D. S., Elliott, S. J., & Mock, S. E. (2012) · Cited by 49
D'Agnes, L., Heather D’agnes, F., Schwartz, J. B., Amarillo, M. L. E., & Castro, J. R. (2010) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892910000779 · Cited by 46
Biodiversity change and human health : from ecosystem services to spread of disease
Sala, O. E., Meyerson, L. A., & Parmesan, C. (2009) · Cited by 38
Linkages between biodiversity loss and human health: a global indicator analysis
Huynen, M., Martens, P., & Groot, R. D. (2004) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603120310001633895 · Cited by 33
Evaluating natural resource amenities in a human life expectancy production function
Poudyal, N. C., Hodges, D. G., Bowker, J. M., & Cordell, H. K. (2009) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2009.04.007 · Cited by 33
The Association of Natural, Social and Economic Factors with Bird Species Richness in Rural England
Huby, M., Cinderby, S., Crowe, A. M., Gillings, S., McClean, C. J., Moran, D., Owen, A., & White, P. C. L. (2006) · Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1477-9552.2006.00053.x · Cited by 30
Toward Measuring the Impact of Ecological Disintegrity on Human Health
Sieswerda, L. E., Soskolne, C. L., Newman, S. C., Schopflocher, D., & Smoyer, K. E. (2001) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200101000-00006 · Cited by 28
Rao, P. C., & Gautier, P. (2006) · Brill | Nijhoff eBooks · doi:10.1163/ej.9789004152403.i-521.9 · Cited by 27
Urban Ecology and Human Health
Tzoulas, K., & Greening, K. (2011) · Urban Ecology · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563562.003.0032 · Cited by 22
The importance of nature for health: is there a specific benefit of contact with green space?
Bowler, D. (2010) · Cited by 13
The urgent need for human well-being elements in biodiversity research
Mlambo, M. C. (2012) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-012-0237-y · Cited by 11
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Bird W., 2007, Natural thinking: Investigating the links between the natural environment, biodiversity and mental health
- Church A., 2011, Cultural services. UK national ecosystem assessment
- Croucher K., 2007, The links between green space and health: A critical literature review
- Davies P., 2008, Natural heritage: A pathway to health
- European Environment Agency, 2011, Forests, health and climate change
- Huber M., 2011, Br. Med. J, 343
- Jorgensen A., 2010, Paper presented at ‘Trees and Forests in British Society’ Conference, 13
- Keniger L.E., 2013, Res. Public Health, 10, 913
- Lemieux C. J., 2012, Parks, 18, 71
- Norris K., 2011, Biodiversity in the context of ecosystem services; UK national ecosystem assessment
- Sala O. E., 2009, Biodiversity change and
- National Ecosystem UK, 2011, The UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Synthesis of the key findings
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, What is open space/green space?
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective
Bratman, G. N., Anderson, C. B., Berman, M. G., Cochran, B., de Vries, S., Flanders, J., Folke, C., Frumkin, H., Gross, J. J., Hartig, T., et al. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax0903 · Cited by 2,001
Self-citationNature Contact and Human Health: A Research Agenda
Frumkin, H., Bratman, G. N., Breslow, S. J., Cochran, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Lawler, J. J., Levin, P. S., Tandon, P. S., Varanasi, U., Wolf, K. L., et al. (2017) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp1663 · Cited by 1,237
van den Bosch, M. A., & Sang, Å. O. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.040 · Cited by 1,070
Pathways linking biodiversity to human health: A conceptual framework
Marselle, M. R., Hartig, T., Cox, D. T. C., de Bell, S., Knapp, S., Lindley, S. J., Mas, M. T., Böhning‐Gaese, K., Braubach, M., Cook, P. A., et al. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106420 · Cited by 654
Self-citationHuman–wildlife interactions in urban areas: a review of conflicts, benefits and opportunities
Soulsbury, C. D., & White, P. C. L. (2015) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr14229 · Cited by 575
Metadata
- Authors
- Lovell, R., Wheeler, B. W., Higgins, S. L., Irvine, K. N., & Depledge, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- James Hutton Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lovell, Rebecca
- Venue
- Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-01-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-20
- ISSN
- 1093-7404 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-6950
- OpenAlex
- W1997819511
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Exeter
- European Regional Development Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Urban and spatial planning
- Keywords
- biodiversity, human health, well-being, ecosystem services, health-promoting behaviors, environmental exposure, ecosystem disturbance, interdisciplinary research
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Environmental Health, Humans, Public Health, Ecosystem, Biodiversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review