Nature Contact and Human Health: A Research Agenda
Open accessAbstract
Background: At a time of increasing disconnectedness from nature, scientific interest in the potential health benefits of nature contact has grown. Research in recent decades has yielded substantial evidence, but large gaps remain in our understanding. Objectives: We propose a research agenda on nature contact and health, identifying principal domains of research and key questions that, if answered, would provide the basis for evidence-based public health interventions. Discussion: We identify research questions in seven domains: a) mechanistic biomedical studies; b) exposure science; c) epidemiology of health benefits; d) diversity and equity considerations; e) technological nature; f) economic and policy studies; and g) implementation science. Conclusions: Nature contact may offer a range of human health benefits. Although much evidence is already available, much remains unknown. A robust research effort, guided by a focus on key unanswered questions, has the potential to yield high-impact, consequential public health insights. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1663
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Affected populations may suffer from the repercussions that are tied to the decreased nature contact that is associated with WFS, through a deprivation of the opportunity to experience the anxiety and rumination reduction, social cohesion, and increases in positive affect that nature contact provides.
“Additionally, affected populations may suffer from the repercussions that are tied to the decreased nature contact that is associated with WFS, through a deprivation of the opportunity to experience the anxiety and rumination reduction [26–28], social cohesion [29, 30], and increases in positive affect [31–33] that nature contact provides.”
From What can we do when the smoke rolls in? An exploratory qualitative analysis of the impacts of rural wildfire smoke on mental health and wellbeing, and opportunities for adaptation (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNature immersion promotes calmness, lowering cortisol, and improving immune function.
“Like many of the evolved nest components, nature immersion promotes calmness, lowering cortisol, improving immune function (Frumkin et al., 2017; Bratman et al., 2019).”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Frumkin et al., 2017
The Psychological Pathways section reports that nature contact reduces stress, consistent with promoting calmness, and identifies salivary cortisol as a measure used in relevant experiments. It does not explicitly say that nature contact lowers cortisol. The Enhanced Immune Function section says nature contact may enhance immune function and links some short-term exposures to improved natural killer cell activity, so the claim states that benefit more definitively than the paper does. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence documenting the specific health conditions that would benefit from the appropriate "dose" of nature and how different populations may respond to Nature Rx is lacking.
“However, evidence documenting the specific health conditions that would benefit from the appropriate “dose” of nature and how different populations may respond to Nature Rx is lacking [17,18,19,20].”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
Greenspace exposure has unique characteristics that may confer added health benefits via multiple pathways for those completing physical activity in a green environment.
“Thus, while numerous studies have long indicated that light-to-moderate physical activity has a strong positive association with health and well-being [40,41,42,43], greenspace exposure has unique characteristics that may confer added health benefits via multiple pathways for those completing physical activity in a green environment.”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
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Koselka, E. P. D., Weidner, L. C., Minasov, A., Berman, M. G., Leonard, W. R., Santoso, M. V., de Brito, J. N., Pope, Z. C., Pereira, M. A., & Horton, T. H. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16224338 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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A systematic review on subjective well-being benefits associated with cultural ecosystem services
Nowak, A., Schirpke, U., & Tappeiner, U. (2022) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2022.101467 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Visitor access, use, and desired improvements in urban parks
Talal, M. L., & Santelmann, M. V. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127216 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Frumkin, H., Bratman, G. N., Breslow, S. J., Cochran, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Lawler, J. J., Levin, P. S., Tandon, P. S., Varanasi, U., Wolf, K. L., & Wood, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Willamette Partnership, Portland, Oregon, USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- The Nature Conservancy (US)
- Seattle Children's Hospital (US)
- US Forest Service (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frumkin, Howard
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2017-07-24
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 075001-075001
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC5744722
- OpenAlex
- W2743768722
- Cited by
- 1,237
- References
- 359
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 170 · 2022: 161 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 41.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Keywords
- nature contact, human health benefits, research agenda, public health interventions, exposure science, mechanistic studies, diversity and equity, nature-based interventions, implementation science, health policy
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Health, Humans, Public Health, Research, Nature
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