A systematic review of interventions for anxiety in people with HIV
Abstract
People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) show elevated anxiety levels compared to the general population. Anxiety can predate HIV infection or be triggered by HIV diagnosis and the many stresses that emerge during the course of HIV disease. Many psychological and pharmacological therapies have been shown to treat anxiety in the general population but a systematic understanding of which interventions have been tested in and are effective with HIV-seropositive individuals is needed. This review examines all published intervention studies on anxiety and HIV from 1980 to 2009 covered by the databases MedLine (1980-2009) and PsycINFO (1980-2009) for a definitive account of effectiveness of interventions and an indication of prevalence of HIV-related anxiety and measurement within studies. Standard systematic research methods were used to gather quality published papers on HIV and anxiety, searching published data bases according to quality inclusion criteria. From the search, 492 papers were generated and hand searched resulting in 39 studies meeting adequacy inclusion criteria for analysis. Of these, 30 (76.9%) were implemented in North America (the USA and Canada), with little representation from developing countries. Thirty-three (84.6%) studies recruited only men or mostly men. A total of 50 interventions were investigated by the 39 studies; 13 targeted HIV, symptoms or associated outcomes/conditions, 20 directly targeted anxiety and another 17 indirectly targeted anxiety. Twenty-four (48%) interventions were effective in reducing anxiety (including 11 indirect interventions), 16 (32%) were ineffective and 10 (20%) had an unknown effect on anxiety. Sixty-five percent of interventions directly targeting anxiety were effective. Psychological interventions (especially cognitive behavioural stress management interventions and cognitive behavioural therapy) were generally more effective than pharmacological interventions. Only three studies provided prevalence rates - these ranged from 13% to 80%. Anxiety was measured using 16 different instruments. Our detailed data suggest that interventions are both effective and available, although further research into enhancing efficacy would be valuable. Also, the vast majority of studies were Western-based, no studies looked at children or adolescents and few looked specifically at women. An international effort to harmonise measurement of anxiety is also missing. There is a need to routinely log anxiety in those with HIV infection during the course of their disease, to provide specific data on women, young people and those in diverse geographic areas and incorporate management into care protocols.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
SSRIs, mainly fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline, are effective in treating anxiety symptoms in people with HIV.
“SSRIs, mainly fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline have been found to be effective in treating symptoms of anxiety in people with HIV.[9]”
From Management of psychiatric disorders with HIV and dermatological disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Cites
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370 · see citing works
The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report.
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700048017 · Cited by 6,650 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ‐ IV ‐ TR )
Segal, D. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0271 · Cited by 4,683 · see citing works
The American Journal of Psychiatry
(2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp · Cited by 2,611 · see citing works
HIV-Related Stigma and Knowledge in the United States: Prevalence and Trends, 1991–1999
Herek, G. M., Capitanio, J. P., & Widaman, K. F. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.3.371 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
The Descriptive Epidemiology of Commonly Occurring Mental Disorders in the United States
Kessler, R. C., & Wang, P. S. (2008) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090847 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders and comorbid medical illness
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Davidson, K. W., Kessler, R. C., Asmundson, G. J. G., Goodwin, R. D., Kubzansky, L., Lydiard, R. B., Massie, M. J., Katon, W., Laden, S. K., et al. (2008) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.12.006 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
An analysis of mood in neurotics.
McNair, D. M., & Lorr, M. (1964) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040902 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Practitioner’s Guide to Empirically Based Measures of Anxiety
(2001) · AABT Clinical Assessment Series · doi:10.1007/b108176 · Cited by 513 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…been widely used to measure anxiety and have been shown to have good internal consistency, test– retest reliability and construct validity and have often shown sensitivity to treatment change (McNair & Lorr, 1964; Roemer, 2001; Shear et al., 2001; Kelly et al., 1993; Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983).”
MethodShear, M. K., Vander Bilt, J., Rucci, P., Endicott, J., Lydiard, B., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Chandler, L., Williams, J., Ali, A., et al. (2001) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.1033 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Sareen, J., Jacobi, F., Cox, B. J., Belik, S.-L., Clara, I., & Stein, M. B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.19.2109 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Whetten, K., Reif, S., Whetten, R., & Murphy-McMillan, L. K. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31817749dc · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Chesney, M. A., Chambers, D. B., Taylor, J. M., Johnson, L. M., & Folkman, S. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000097344.78697.ed · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Kelly, J. A., Murphy, D. A., Bahr, G. R., Kalichman, S. C., Morgan, M., Stevenson, L., Koob, J. J., Brasfield, T. L., & Bernstein, B. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.11.1679 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Impact of Efavirenz on Neuropsychological Performance and Symptoms in HIV-Infected Individuals
Clifford, D. B., Evans, S. R., Yang, Y., Acosta, E. P., Goodkin, K., Tashima, K. T., Simpson, D. M., Dorfman, D., Ribaudo, H. J., Gulick, R. M., et al. (2005) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-10-200511150-00008 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Lutgendorf, S. K., Antoni, M. H., Ironson, G. H., Starr, K. R., Costello, N. L., Zuckerman, M., Klimas, N. G., FLETCHER, M. A., & Schneiderman, N. (1998) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199803000-00017 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Moyle, G., LYSAKOVA, L., Brown, S., et al. (2004) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2004.00190.x · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Scott-Sheldon, L. A. J., Kalichman, S. C., Carey, M. P., & Fielder, R. L. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.129 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Murphy, R. L., Sanne, I., Cahn, P. E., Phanuphak, P., Percival, L., Kelleher, T., & Giordano, M. (2003) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200312050-00007 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Leserman, J., Whetten, K., Lowe, K., Stangl, D. K., Swartz, M. S., & Thielman, N. M. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000160459.78182.d9 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Effects of Spiritual Mantram Repetition on HIV Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Bormann, J. E., Gifford, A. L., Shively, M., Smith, T. L., Redwine, L. S., Kelly, A. E., Becker, S., Gershwin, M., Bone, P., & Belding, W. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9063-6 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Antoni, M. H., Cruess, D. G., Cruess, S. E., Lutgendorf, S. K., Kumar, M., Ironson, G. H., Klimas, N. G., FLETCHER, M. A., & Schneiderman, N. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.1.31 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Power, R. (2003) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.79.2.137 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Long‐term assessment of neuropsychiatric adverse reactions associated with efavirenz
Lochet, P., Peyrière, H., Lotthé, A., et al. (2003) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1293.2003.00136.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Brown, J. L., & Vanable, P. A. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-007-9010-y · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Pence, B. W. (2009) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkp006 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Lutgendorf, S. K., Antoni, M. H., Ironson, G. H., Klimas, N. G., Kumar, M., Starr, K. R., McCabe, P. M., Cleven, K., FLETCHER, M. A., & Schneiderman, N. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.1.31 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Goodkin, K., Blaney, N. T., Feaster, D. J., Baldewicz, T. T., Burkhalter, J. E., & Leeds, B. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.1.52 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Harding, R. (2005) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2004.010132 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationElliott, A. J., Uldall, K. K., Bergam, K., Russo, J. E., Claypoole, K. H., & Roy‐Byrne, P. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.3.367 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The impact of PTSD on pain experience in persons with HIV/AIDS
Smith, M. Y., Egert, J. R., Winkel, G. H., & Jacobson, J. M. (2002) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00431-6 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Esterling, B. A., Antoni, M. H., Schneiderman, N., Carver, C. S., LaPerriere, A. R., Ironson, G. H., Klimas, N. G., & Fletcher, M. A. (1992) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199205000-00011 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Molassiotis, A., Callaghan, P., Twinn, S. F., Lam, S. W., Chung, W., & Li, C. (2002) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/10872910252806135 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cruess, S. E., Antoni, M. H., Cruess, D. G., FLETCHER, M. A., Ironson, G. H., Kumar, M., Lutgendorf, S. K., Hayes, A. M., Klimas, N. G., & Schneiderman, A. N. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200011000-00013 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Use of Psychotropic Medications Among HIV-Infected Patients in the United States
Vitiello, B., Burnam, M. A., Bing, E. G., Beckman, R., & Shapiro, M. F. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.547 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Galantino, M. L., Shepard, K., Krafft, L. J., LaPerriere, A. R., DUCETTE, J. P., Sorbello, A. F., Barnish, M., Condoluci, D. V., & Farrar, J. T. (2005) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2005.11.1085 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Cruess, D. G., Antoni, M. H., Kumar, M., & Schneiderman, N. (2000) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1005419917023 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment of depression in symptomatic HIV infection and AIDS
Ferrando, S. J., Goldman, J. D., & Charness, W. E. (1997) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(96)00172-7 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
HIV/AIDS and the family: a review of research in the first decade
Bor, R. J., Miller, R., & Goldman, E. (1993) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.1993.00753.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Murphy, D. A., Lu, M. C., MARTIN, D. J., Hoffman, D., & Marelich, W. D. (2002) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1177/1055329002238026 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
An HIV Self-Care Symptom Management Intervention for African American Mothers
Miles, M. S., Holditch‐Davis, D., Eron, J. J., Black, B., Pedersen, C. A., & Harris, D. A. (2003) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200311000-00002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mulder, C. L., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Antoni, M. H., Mulder, J., Sandfort, T. G. M., & de Vries, M. J. (1994) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199409000-00007 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Benninghoven, D., Kaduk, A., WIEGAND, U. K. H., Specht, T., Kunzendorf, S., & Jantschek, G. (2005) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000089227 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Vidrine, D., Arduino, R., & Gritz, E. (2006) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200601039451 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…touch Ireland (1998) Yes Psychological Psychotherapy Fukunishi et al. (1997) No Social support Kelly et al. (1993) Yes CB-based smoking cessation Vidrine et al. (2006) No Psychosocial Mantra training Bormann et al. (2006) No Bereavement support group Goodkin et al. (1999) No Pharmaceutical:…”
Psychological Burden in the Era of Haart: Impact of Selenium Therapy
Shor‐Posner, G., Lecusay, R., Míguez‐Burbano, M. J., Moreno‐Black, G., Zhang, G., Rodriguez, N., Burbano, X., Baum, M. K., & Wilkie, F. L. (2003) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pffd-d920-v041-n5kd · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Improved cognitive function as a consequence of hepatitis C virus treatment*
Thein, H., Maruff, P. T., Krahn, M. D., Kaldor, J. M., Koorey, D. J., Brew, B. J., & Dore, G. J. (2007) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00505.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Psychological and Behavioral Impact Among Intravenous Drug Users of Learning HIV Test Results
Casadonte, P. P., Jarlais, D. C. D., Friedman, S. R., et al. (1990) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826089009053168 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Self-Management Training for Individuals With HIV/AIDS
Inouye, J., Flannelly, L. T., & Flannelly, K. J. (2001) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/s1055-3290(06)60135-0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Berger, S., Schad, T., von Wyl, V., Ehlert, U., Zellweger, C., Furrer, H., Regli, D., Vernazza, P., Ledergerber, B., Battegay, M., et al. (2008) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e3282f511dc · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Chinese Herbal Treatment for HIV-Associated Symptoms
Burack, J. H., Cohen, M. R., Hahn, J. A., & Abrams, D. I. (1996) · Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology · doi:10.1097/00042560-199608010-00009 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders Among Adults with Asthma: A Meta-Analytic Review
Weiser, E. B. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-007-9087-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Art therapy for relief of symptoms associated with HIV/AIDS
Rao, D., Nainis, N. A., Williams, L., et al. (2008) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120802068795 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Measures for Anxiety and Related Constructs
Roemer, L. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47628-2_8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Loutfy, M. R., Raboud, J., Antoniou, T., et al. (2007) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e3281c6148d · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Chinese Herb Therapy for HIV-1–Infected Individuals
Weber, R. K., Christen, L., Loy, M., et al. (1999) · Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology · doi:10.1097/00042560-199909010-00007 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Wit, S. D., Cremers, L., Hirsch, D. S., Zulian, C. C., Clumeck, N., & Kormoss, N. (1999) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/030006059902700502 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Conall, O., Hart, T., & James, C. A. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74753-8_12 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Reyes, J. C., Robles, R. R., Colón, H. M., Marrero, C. A., Matos, T. D., Calderón, J. M., & Shepard, E. (2006) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9090-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sikkema, K. J., Hansen, N. B., Tarakeshwar, N., Kochman, A., Tate, D. C., & Lee, R. S. (2004) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/b:aibe.0000044075.12845.75 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Margolin, A., Avants, S. K., & Arnold, R. (2005) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399811 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The NIMH Healthy Living Project Team, Carrico, A. W., Chesney, M. A., Johnson, M. O., Morin, S. F., Neilands, T. B., Remien, R. H., Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., & Wong, F. L. (2008) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9429-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
What happened in the SUMIT trial? Mediation and behavior change
O’Leary, A., Hoff, C. C., Purcell, D. W., Gomez, C. A., Parsons, J. T., Hardnett, F. P., & Lyles, C. M. (2005) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000167357.94664.10 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psychological Aspects of HIV Infection and AIDS
King, M. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.156.2.151 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Therapeutic touch with HIV-infected children: A pilot study
Ireland, M. (1998) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/s1055-3290(98)80046-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Anxiety In Health Behaviors And Physical Illness
Zvolensky, M. J., & Smits, J. A. J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74753-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Self-Management Training for Individuals With HIV/AIDS
Inouye, J., Flannelly, L. T., & Flannelly, K. J. (2001) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/s1055-3290(06)60264-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Quereda, C., Corral, Í., Moreno, A., et al. (2008) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31817bbeb9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Randomized Trial of a Cognitive Coping Intervention for Acutely Ill HIV-Positive Men
t, J. K. C., & Pepler, C. J. (2002) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200207000-00004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Liaison psychiatry and HIV infection (II): Application of relaxation in HIV positive patients
Fukunishi, I., Hosaka, T., Matsumoto, T., Hayashi, M., Negishi, M., & Moriya, H. (1997) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02358.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of Spiritual Mantram Repetition on HIV Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Bormann, J. E., Gifford, A. L., Shively, M., et al. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9071-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Murphy, R. L., & Bárbaro, G. (2003) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200304001-00001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Robiner, W. N., Melroe, N. H., Campbell, S., et al. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adams, C., Zacharia, S., Masters, L., Coffey, C., & Catalan, P. (2016) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1146211 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
HIV infection and its psychiatric manifestations:A clinical overview
Knights, M. J., Chatziagorakis, A., & Kumar Buggineni, S. (2017) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.116.016311 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Management of psychiatric disorders with HIV and dermatological disorders
Singh, O. P., Sarkhel, S., & Sarkar, S. (2022) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_14_22 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“[9] Adjustment disorders Adjustment disorder affects around 30% of individuals with HIV.”
- Authors
- Clucas, C., Sibley, E., Harding, R., Liu, L., Catalan, J., & Sherr, L.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Clucas, Claudine
- Venue
- Psychology, Health & Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 528-547
- ISSN
- 1354-8506 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-3966
- OpenAlex
- W1980410485
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology Health & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H00811X/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- HIV, anxiety, anxiety intervention, psychological intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy, stress management, pharmacotherapy, anxiety prevalence, anxiety assessment, intervention effectiveness, women living with HIV, under-researched populations
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Male, HIV Infections, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
