Subjective health status assessment: evaluation of the Italian version of the SF-12 health survey. Results from the MiOS project
Abstract
BACKGROUND: SF-12 is a generic short form health survey, developed in the USA from the original SF-36. It produces two summary measures evaluating physical and mental self-perceived health that are interchangeable with those from the SF-36. SF-12 has been successfully tested in nine Western European countries on large samples of the general population, where it has proved its brevity, comprehensiveness, reliability, validity and cross-cultural applicability. The present analysis directly assesses the SF-12 for the first time in various Italian settings, including the general population and specific patient groups. METHODS: Data for this report were collected from five different samples; in four of them the SF-12 was used as a 'stand-alone' instrument, while in the other one (used as the reference) it was embedded in the SF-36. Descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation coefficients, confirmatory factor analysis, ordinal uni- and multi-variate least squares regression model and covariance analysis were used to evaluate the summary measures in each sample, and across relevant subgroups. Studies were ordered according to the expected deviance, from the 'normal' health status of the reference group to the sample with the expected highest level of illness. RESULTS: Overall, more than 11,000 subjects were evaluated. Response rates ranged from 63 to 100%, while missing items accounted only for 0.2-8.2% of all items. Uni- and multi-variate analyses showed a positive association between both physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores and their respective items in all examined samples. MCS scores were fairly similar across all samples, with the only exception being patients recently discharged from hospital, whose subjective mental health perception was higher than expected and the highest of all (52.2). Finally, we found a substantial impact of ageing on physical health perception, while the MCS was shown to be less sensitive to the age effect. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that the SF-12 has good validity, while some issues related to its most appropriate mode of administration and target groups might require further attention.
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The Italian version of the Short Form-12 Health Survey showed good content, construct, and criterion validity.
“The Italian version of the SF-12 showed good content, construct, and criterion validity [31].”
From Psychological variables associated with quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer: the role of body image distress (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
Health-related quality of life and sexual functioning were measured with the use of widely used and reliable scales.
“Health-related quality of life and sexual functioning were measured with the use of widely used and reliable scales.”
From A stepped-care approach to symptomatic endometriosis management: A participatory research initiative (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
The clinical validity and internal consistency of the SF-12 have been demonstrated in large samples in many countries, including Italy.
“The clinical validity and internal consistency of the SF-12 have been demonstrated in large samples in many countries, including Italy (53,65).”
From A stepped-care approach to symptomatic endometriosis management: A participatory research initiative (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
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“The SF-12 is a shortened version questionnaire of SF-36, consisting of 12 items assessing physical (PCS-12) and mental (MCS-12) health [67,68].”
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“NRS = numeric rating scale; P-FAS = physical fatigue assessment scale; M-FAS = mental fatigue assessment scale; FABQ = fear avoidance belief questionnaire; FIQ = fibromyalgia impact questionnaire; A-FIQ = anxiety fibromyalgia impact questionnaire; PSF-12 = physical 12-item short form survey; MSF-12 = mental 12-item sh…”
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“many languages and were found valid and reliable among the general population, with cross-cultural applicability [10-18] and among older adults [19-25].”
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“Higher scores indicate better health (Gandek &Ware, 1998; Kodraliu et al., 2001). fPCS-12, Physical Component Score; score range 0 100.”
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“For the purposes of the present study, we used the validated Italian translation of this survey.(18) Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 5.”
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“These results are consistent with results of studies in Greece (7) and Italy (26).”
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“The criterion validity (ie, the strength of the relationship between 2 or more measures expected to assess the same domains) was evaluated with the generic Short Form 12 (SF-12) questionnaire.(14) Finally, the discriminative properties of ITaLi-Q for IV and IM patients were tested with the MannWhitney U test, whereas…”
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“SF-12 has been adopted by numerous health care delivery organizations, including the National Commission on Quality Assurance, and has been successfully tested in several countries, including Italy [4-7].”
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Pica, F., Gatti, A., Divizia, M., Lazzari, M., Ciotti, M., Sabato, A. F., & Volpi, A. (2014) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0556-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“SF-12 has been successfully tested in nine Western European countries, included Italy, on large samples of the general population, where it has proved its brevity, comprehensiveness, reliability, validity and cross-cultural applicability [40,41].”
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D'Ambrosi, R., Silvestri, C. D. D., Manzi, L., Indino, C., Maccario, C., & Usuelli, F. (2019) · Muscle Ligaments and Tendons Journal · doi:10.32098/mltj.03.2019.10 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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“This instrument has been translated and validated for the Italian population (20, 21).”
MethodEffects of tapentadol on pain, motor symptoms and cognitive functions in Parkinson’s disease
Freo, U., Furnari, M., & Ori, C. (2018) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s164939 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Higher scores mean better quality of life.(34)”
Psychological and cognitive factors implicated in pain experience in women with endometriosis
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Dienogest Treatment Improves Quality of Life in Women with Endometriosis
Luisi, S. V., Parazzini, F., Angioni, S. L., Arena, S., Berretta, P., Candiani, M., Cela, V., Fedele, L., Litta, P., Maiorana, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain Disorders · doi:10.5301/je.5000232 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Scores range from 0 to 100 for each dimension, with 100 indicating optimal quality of life (27, 28).”
BackgroundOsteochondral Lesion of the Talus
Mann, T. S., & Nery, C. A. D. S. (2023) · Foot and Ankle Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.fcl.2023.07.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Irani, E., Buck, H. G., Lyons, K. S., Margevicius, S. P., Vellone, E., Bugajski, A., & Maria, M. D. (2022) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvac052 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Abrignani, G., Ferrante, T., Castellini, P., Lambru, G., Beghi, E., Manzoni, G. C., & Torelli, P. (2011) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.02057.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Section 13: Consists of the 12-item Short-Form (SF12) questionnaire.(21) SF-12 is the abridged version of the more popular 36-item Short Form (SF-36) questionnaire(22) and it is the only self-administered section of our questionnaire.”
MethodKovac, S. H., Mikuls, T. R., Mudano, A. S., et al. (2006) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-005-3213-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“recent studies used ordinal regression techniques to analyze data from the PCS-12 and MCS-12 [19, 20].”
MethodFasolo, A., Capuzzo, C., Fornea, M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1155/2012/230641 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Moreover, the HRQOL results were compared with those of a representative sample of healthy subjects of the Italian population.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA prospective study for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures with the Galaxy Fixation System
D’Ambrosi, R., Palumbo, F., Barbato, A., et al. (2016) · MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY · doi:10.1007/s12306-016-0434-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Long-Term Vaginal Danazol Treatment in Fertile Age Women with Adenomyosis
Tosti, C., Vannuccini, S., Troìa, L., Luisi, S. V., Centini, G., Lazzeri, L., & Petraglia, F. (2017) · Journal of Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain Disorders · doi:10.5301/je.5000270 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Rosato, R., Pagano, E., Testa, S., Zola, P., & Cuonzo, D. D. (2020) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13376 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Grassi, A., Golinelli, D., Tedesco, D., Rolli, M., Bordini, B., Amabile, M., Rucci, P., Fantini, M. P., & Zaffagnini, S. (2019) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2745-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The Euro Quality 5 Dimensions EQ-5D is a standardized measure of health related quality of life used worldwide [25, 26].”
BackgroundCerea, S., Sansoni, M., Scarzello, G., Groff, E., & Ghisi, M. (2022) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-022-07334-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Health-related quality of life in outpatients with chronic liver disease: a cross-sectional study
Gazineo, D., Godino, L., Bui, V., Mouttaqi, L. E., Franciosi, E., Natalino, A., Ceci, G., & Ambrosi, E. (2021) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-021-01890-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tortoli, E., Francini, L., Giovannico, G., et al. (2020) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-020-06169-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12) [37] is a generic short-form health survey.”
MethodInfluentialInvernizzi, P. L., Signorini, G., Scurati, R., Michielon, G., Benedini, S., Bosio, A., & Staiano, W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031175 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The SF-12 is a validated questionnaire that aims to evaluate the psycho-physical health status of the participants [77].”
BackgroundGasperini, B., Barbadoro, P., Cherubini, A., Pierri, F., D’Errico, M. M., Stanislao, F. D., Ponzio, E., & Prospero, E. (2016) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0608-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Socio-demographic characteristics available for each participant were age, gender, area of residence (Northern, Central, and Southern Italy and the Italian Islands), marital status (married, single, widowed, divorced) and education (classified as B5; 6–8; 9–12; 13? years for a subject with a university degree).”
MethodInfluentialCincidda, C., Oliveri, S., Sanchini, V., & Pravettoni, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.962634 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Kodraliu et al. (2001) assessed the SF-12 in various Italian settings, including the general population and specific patient groups, showing that the SF-12 has good validity.”
BackgroundCharacteristics and Correlates of Cigarette Use Among Recent U.S. Veterans
Acheson, S. K., Straits-Tröster, K. A., Calhoun, P. S., Beckham, J. C., & Hamlett-Berry, K. (2011) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2011.570589 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…& Keller, 1996), a variety of minority and culturally diverse samples (Amir, Lewin-Epstein, Becker, & Buskila, 2002; Hoffmann et al., 2005; Kodraliu et al., 2001; Kontodimopoulos, Pappa, Niakas, & Tountas, 2007; Larson, Schlundt, Patel, Beard, & Hargreaves, 2008; Vilagut et al., 2008), as…”
Sconza, C., Braghetto, G., Respizzi, S., Morenghi, E., Kon, E., & Matteo, B. D. (2021) · International Orthopaedics · doi:10.1007/s00264-021-04975-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ferrara, M., Langiano, E., Falese, L., Marco, A. D., & Vito, E. D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137161 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Short Form-36 items Health Survey, more commonly known as SF-36, which allows us to describe the health status of a group of individuals by investigating only two synthetic indexes: PCS (Physical Component Summary), index of physical status and MCS (Mental Component Summary) index of mental status [35].”
MethodCastillo, I. I. (2007) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.324 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Correlates of sexual functioning in Italian menopausal women
Sarti, C. D., Graziottin, A., Mincigrucci, M., Ricci, E. D., Chiaffarino, F., Bonaca, S., Becorpi, A., Cipriani, S., & Parazzini, F. (2010) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697130903491026 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Paneroni, M., Scalvini, S., Perger, E., Zampogna, E., Govetto, S., Oliva, F. M., Matrone, A., Bernocchi, P., Rosa, D., & Vitacca, M. (2024) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2023.101815 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Freo, U., Furnari, M., Ambrosio, F., & Navalesi, P. (2020) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01586-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mirandola, D., Franchi, G., Maruelli, A., Vinci, M., Muraca, M. G., Miccinesi, G., Manetti, M., & Marini, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124406 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The normative population tested with the SF-12 questionnaire included 61,434 Italian subjects randomly sampled from the electoral lists, regardless of their health status [19,26,27].”
MethodOpinions and self-reported health status of Italians seeking homeopathic treatment
Pomposelli, R., Andreoni, C., Costini, G., et al. (2006) · Homeopathy · doi:10.1016/j.homp.2005.12.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Melchiorre, M. G., Rosa, M. D., Barbabella, F., Barbini, N., Lattanzio, F., & Chiatti, C. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/3458372 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Conversely, CASE was inversely correlated with social support perceived by the caregiver (MSPSS), in general (𝑟 = −0.18), but especially that coming from family or friends (𝑟 = −0.16), and caregiver’s overall physical (𝑟 = −0.17) and mental health status (𝑟 = −0.38) (PCS-12 and MCS-12, resp.).”
MethodInfluentialCaputo, A. (2019) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2019.1632948 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“SF-12 is a generic questionnaire measuring physical and mental health status that is not disease, age, or treatment specific.”
MethodSomatopsychic Correlates and Quality of Life of the Dialyzed Patient: A Cross-Sectional Study
Pasquale, C. D., Pistorio, M. L., Lauretta, I., et al. (2014) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.07.026 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The quality of life of the subjects was evaluated by means of the Italian adaptation of the Short Form health survey (SF-12)da tool derived from its original 36-item version already validated for use in nephrologic patientsdconsidering the following domains: Physical Component Scale (PCS) and Mental Component Scale (M…”
Method
- Authors
- Kodraliu, P. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-05-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 305-316
- ISSN
- 1359-5229 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2160679825
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- SF-12 Health Survey, self-rated health, Italian adaptation, SF-36, physical component summary, mental component summary, psychometric validation, cross-cultural adaptation, hospital discharge, patient-reported outcomes, questionnaire administration mode
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Reproducibility of Results
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