CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 35Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchHealth Policy Implementation ScienceArt Therapy and Mental Health

Psychosocial interventions for dementia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a systematic review of effectiveness and implementation readiness

Open access
Stoner, Charlotte R., Lakshminarayanan, Monisha, Durgante, Helen, Spector, Aimee·2021·Aging & Mental Health
DOI 10.1080/13607863.2019.1695742PMC PMC8026009
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Despite wide uptake in high-income countries (HICs), less is known about the effectiveness and implementation of psychological, social and cognitive interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite this, such interventions are increasingly used. The aim of this review was to appraise the effectiveness and implementation readiness of psychosocial interventions for people with dementia in LMICs. METHODS: A systematic search of databases from 1998-2019. Studies were rated on two scales assessing quality and implementation readiness. RESULTS: Seventeen articles describing 11 interventions in six countries were evaluated. Interventions included Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST), a Multidisciplinary Cognitive Rehabilitation Programme (MCRP), singing interventions, occupational therapy and reminiscence therapy. The quality of included studies was variable, and many had low sample sizes. Evidence for improving both cognition and quality of life was found in two interventions: Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) and a Multidisciplinary Cognitive Rehabilitation Programme (MCRP). Implementation issues were more likely to be explored in studies of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) than in any other intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Of the included studies here, CST appears to be the most implementation ready, improving both cognition and quality of life with implementation readiness effectively explored in two LMIC countries: India and Tanzania.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/13607863.2019.1695742

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Behavioural and psychosocial interventions benefited from SWD's staged rollout, which is often advantageous for interventions that require time to demonstrate effects.

    “Behavioural and psychosocial interventions—such as Women's Health CoOp (63) and Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (102)—also benefited from SWD's staged rollout, which is often advantageous for interventions that require time to demonstrate effects (120, 121).”

    From Applications and implementation considerations for stepped-wedge designs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as [120]

    The Results (Structured therapeutic interventions; page unavailable) describe a stepped-wedge trial of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy and say its design contributed to higher quality and implementation-readiness scores. The review does not say that staged rollout was advantageous because the intervention needed time to show effects, and it does not address Women's Health CoOp. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 53

  1. Aguirre, E., Spector, A., & Orrell, M. (2014). Guidelines for adapting cognitive stimulation therapy to other cultures. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 9, 1003– 1007. doi: 10.2147/cia.S61849 25061282 PMC4079629 · DOI
  2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  3. Aşiret, G. D., & Kapucu, S. (2016). The effect of Reminiscence Therapy on cognition, depression, and activities of daily living for patients with Alzheimer disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 29(1), 31– 37. doi: 10.1177/0891988715598233 26251112 · DOI
  4. Camargo, C. H. F., Justus, F. F., & Retzlaff, G. (2015). The effectiveness of reality orientation in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr, 30(5), 527– 532. doi: 10.1177/1533317514568004 PMC10852646 25588408 · DOI
  5. Csipke, E., Yates, L., Moniz Cook, E., Leung, P., Charlesworth, G., Walton, H., … Orrell, M. (2018). Promoting independence in dementia: Protocol for a feasibility trial of the PRIDE intervention for living well with dementia. International Journal of Clinical Trials, 5(4), 177– 185. doi: 10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20184399 · DOI
  6. Damschroder, L. J., Aron, D. C., Keith, R. E., Kirsh, S. R., Alexander, J. A., & Lowery, J. C. (2009). Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: A consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implementation Science, 4(50), 1-15. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-4-50 PMC2736161 19664226 · DOI · Paper page
  7. De Oliveira, A. M., Radanovic, M., De Mello, P. C. H., Buchain, P. C., Vizzotto, A. D., Stella, F., … Forlenza, O. V. (2017). The tailored activity program for outpatients (TAP-O) to reduce neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver burden in a Brazilian sample of individuals with dementia: Preliminary results of a randomized trial. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 13(7), P608– P609. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01462627/full doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.660 · DOI
  8. Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998). The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 52(6), 377– 384. doi: 10.1136/jech.52.6.377 9764259 PMC1756728 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Fillenbaum, G. G., van Belle, G., Morris, J. C., Mohs, R. C., Mirra, S. M., Davis, P. C., … Heyman, A. (2008). CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease) The first 20 years. Alzheimer's & dementia, 4(2), 96–109. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.08.005. PMC2808763 18631955 · DOI
  10. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189– 198. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 1202204 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Gitlin, L. N., Winter, L., Vause Earland, T., Adel Herge, E., Chernett, N. L., Piersol, C. V., & Burke, J. P. (2009). The Tailored Activity Program to reduce behavioral symptoms in individuals with dementia: Feasibility, acceptability, and replication potential. The Gerontologist, 49(3), 428– 439. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnp087 19420314 PMC2682173 · DOI
  12. Guerra, M., Ferri, C. P., Fonseca, M., Banerjee, S., & Prince, M. (2010). Helping carers to care: The 10/66 dementia research group's randomized control trial of a caregiver intervention in Peru. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 33(1), 47– 54. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-00793966/full doi: 10.1590/S1516-44462010005000017 20602013 · DOI
  13. Kane, R. A. (2003). Definition, measurement, and correlates of quality of life in nursing homes: Toward a reasonable practice, research, and policy agenda. The Gerontologist, 43(Supplement 2), 28– 36. The Gerontologist doi: 10.1093/geront/43.suppl_2.28%J 12711722 · DOI
  14. Kim, S. H., Han, D. H., Lee, Y. S., Kim, B. N., Cheong, J. H., & Han, S. H. (2014). Baduk (the Game of Go) improved cognitive function and brain activity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Investigations, 11(2), 143– 151. doi: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.2.143 24843369 PMC4023088 · DOI
  15. Kumar, P., Tiwari, S., Goel, A., Sreenivas, V., Kumar, N., Tripathi, R., … Dey, A. (2014). Novel occupational therapy interventions may improve quality of life in older adults with dementia. International Archives of Medicine, 7(1). 1– 7. doi: 10.1186/1755-7682-7-, 24982692 PMC4076057 · DOI
  16. Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 31(1), 159– 174. doi: 10.2307/2529310 843571 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Li, D. M., & Li, X. X. (2017). The effect of folk recreation program in improving symptoms: A study of Chinese elder dementia patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32(8), 901– 908. doi: 10.1002/gps.4543 27345629 · DOI
  18. Lin, Q., Cao, Y., & Gao, J. (2015). The impacts of a gO-game (Chinese chess) intervention on Alzheimer disease in a Northeast Chinese population. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 1-10. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00163 PMC4548213 26379544 · DOI
  19. Lyu, J. H., Zhang, J. N., Mu, H. Y., Li, W. J., Champ, M., Xiong, Q. …. Li, M. (2018). The effects of music therapy on cognition, psychiatric symptoms, and activities of daily living in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 4, 1347– 1358. doi: 10.3233/JAD-180183 29991131 · DOI
  20. Machado, F., Nunes, P. V., Viola, L. F., Santos, F. S., Forlenza, O. V., & Yassuda, M. S. (2009). Quality of life and Alzheimer's disease: Influence of participation in a rehabilitation center. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 3(3), 241– 247. doi: 10.1590/S1980-57642009DN30300011 29213635 PMC5618980 · DOI
  21. Maj, M., D'Elia, L., Satz, P., Janssen, R., Zaudig, M., Uchiyama, C., … Chervinsky, A. (1993). Evaluation of two new neuropsychological tests designed to minimize cultural bias in the assessment of HIV-1 seropositive persons: A WHO study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8(2), 123– 135. doi: 10.1016/0887-6177(93)90030-5 14589670 · DOI
  22. McDermott, O., Charlesworth, G., Hogervorst, E., Stoner, C., Moniz-Cook, E., Spector, A., … Orrell, M. (2018). Psychosocial interventions for people with dementia: A synthesis of systematic reviews. Aging & Mental Health, 23(4), 393– 403. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1423031 29338323 · DOI
  23. McDermott, O., Ridder, H. M., Baker, F. A., Wosch, T., Ray, K., & Stige, B. (2018). Indirect music therapy practice and skill-sharing in dementia care. Journal of Music Therapy, 55(3), 255– 279. Journal of Music Therapy doi: 10.1093/jmt/thy012%J 30053091 · DOI
  24. Mkenda, S., Olakehinde, O., Mbowe, G., Siwoku, A., Kisoli, A., Paddick, S.-M., … Ogunniyi, A. (2018). Cognitive stimulation therapy as a low-resource intervention for dementia in sub-Saharan Africa (CST-SSA): Adaptation for rural Tanzania and Nigeria. Dementia, 17(4), 515– 530. doi: 10.1177/1471301216649272 27328694 · DOI
  25. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G, & the PRISMA Group, (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264– 269. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 19622511 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134(4), 382– 389. doi: 10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 444788 · DOI · Paper page
  27. Mor, V., Branco, K., Fleishman, J., Hawes, C., Phillips, C., Morris, J., & Fries, B. (1995). The structure of social engagement among nursing home residents. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50(1), 1– 8. doi: 10.1093/geronb/50B.1.P1 7757818 · DOI
  28. Nakamura, A. E., Opaleye, D., Tani, G., & Ferri, C. P. (2015). Dementia underdiagnosis in Brazil. The Lancet, 385(9966), 418– 419. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60153-2 25706975 · DOI
  29. Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bã©Dirian, VéR., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695– 699. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x 15817019 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Niu, Y. X., Tan, J. P., Guan, J. Q., Zhang, Z. Q., & Wang, L. N. (2010). Cognitive stimulation therapy in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 24(12), 1102– 1111. doi: 10.1177/0269215510376004 20713437 · DOI
  31. Novelli, M. M. P. C., Nitrini, R., & Caramelli, P. (2010). Validation of the Brazilian version of the quality of life scale for patients with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers (QOL-AD). Aging & Mental Health, 14(5), 624– 631. doi: 10.1080/13607861003588840 20480421 · DOI
  32. Paddick, S. M., Kisoli, A., Dotchin, C. L., Gray, W. K., Chaote, P., Longdon, A., & Walker, R. W. (2015). Mortality rates in community-dwelling Tanzanians with dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A 4-year follow-up study. Age and Ageing, 44(4), 636– 641. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=emed16&AN=605288691 doi: 10.1093/ageing/afv048 25918185 · DOI
  33. Paddick, S.-M., Kisoli, A., Mkenda, S., Mbowe, G., Gray, W. K., Dotchin, C., … Walker, R. W. (2017). Adaptation and validation of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) in a low-literacy setting in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 29(4), 244– 251. doi: 10.1017/neu.2016.65 28345494 · DOI
  34. Paradela, E. M. P., Lourenço, R. A., & Veras, R. P. (2005). Validação da escala de depressão geriátrica em um ambulatório geral. Revista de Saúde Pública, 39(6), 918– 923. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102005000600008 16341401 · DOI
  35. Pereira, F. S., Viola, L. F., Flaks, M. K., Forlenza, O. V., & Yassuda, M. S. (2009). Short Cognitive Performance Test: Diagnostic accuracy and education bias in older Brazilian adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24(3), 301– 306. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology doi: 10.1093/arclin/acp033%J 19640874 · DOI
  36. Prince, M., Livingston, G., & Katona, C. (2007). Mental health care for the elderly in low-income countries: A health systems approach. World Psychiatry: official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 6(1), 5– 13. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17342213 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/PMC1810377/ 17342213 PMC1810377
  37. Raghuraman, S., Lakshminarayanan, M., Vaitheswaran, S., & Rangaswamy, T. (2017). Cognitive Stimulation Therapy for dementia: Pilot studies of acceptability and feasibility of cultural adaptation for India. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(9), 1029– 1032. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=emexa&AN=616377122 doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.04.014 28545833 · DOI
  38. Santos, G. D., Nunes, P. V., Stella, F., Brum, P. S., Yassuda, M. S., Ueno, L. M., … Forlenza, O. V. (2015). Multidisciplinary rehabilitation program: Effects of a multimodal intervention for patients with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment without dementia. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 42(6), 153– 156. doi: 10.1590/0101-60830000000066 · DOI
  39. Saxena, S., Chandiramani, K., & Bhargava, R. (1997). WHOQOL-Hindi: A questionnaire for assessing quality of life in health care settings in India. World Health Organisation Quality of Life. The National Medical Journal of India, 11, 160– 165. 9808970
  40. Serrani Azcurra, D. J. (2012). A reminiscence program intervention to improve the quality of life of long-term care residents with Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Psiquiatria), 34(4), 422– 433. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-00965246/full doi: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.05.008 23429813 · DOI
  41. Spector, A., Orrell, M., Davies, S., & Woods, B. (2001). Can reality orientation be rehabilitated? Development and piloting of an evidence-based programme of cognition-based therapies for people with dementia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 11(3–4), 377– 397. doi: 10.1080/09602010143000068 · DOI
  42. Stella, F., Forlenza, O. V., Laks, J., de Andrade, L. P., Avendaño, M. A. L., Sé, E. V. G., … de Medeiros, K. (2013). The Brazilian version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician rating scale (NPI-C): Reliability and validity in dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 25(9), 1503– 1511. doi: 10.1017/S1041610213000811 23763895 PMC3905441 · DOI
  43. Streater, A., Spector, A., Aguirre, E., Stansfeld, J., & Orrell, M. J. B. M. R. M. (2016). ImpRess: An Implementation Readiness checklist developed using a systematic review of randomised controlled trials assessing cognitive stimulation for dementia. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 16(1), 167. doi: 10.1186/s12874-016-0268-2 27903238 PMC5131468 · DOI
  44. Sunderland, T., Hill, J. L., Mellow, A. M., Lawlor, B. A., Gundersheimer, J., Newhouse, P. A., & Grafman, J. H. (1989). Clock drawing in Alzheimer's Disease: A novel measure of dementia severity. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37(8), 725–729. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb02233.x 2754157 · DOI
  45. Taub, A., Andreoli, S. B., & Bertolucci, P. H. (2004). Dementia caregiver burden: reliability of the Brazilian version of the Zarit caregiver burden interview. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 20(2), 372– 376. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2004000200004&nrm=iso doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2004000200004 15073616 · DOI
  46. Viola, L. F., Nunes, P. V., Yassuda, M. S., Aprahamian, I., Santos, F. S., Santos, G. D., … Forlenza, O. V. …. (2011). Effects of a multidisciplinary cognitive rehabilitation program for patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. Clinics (Clinics), 66(8), 1395– 1400. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-00860744/full doi: 10.1590/S1807-59322011000800015 21915490 PMC3161218 · DOI
  47. Wang, Z., Li, Z., Xie, J., Wang, T., Yu, C., & An, N. (2018). Music therapy improves cognitive function and behavior in patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 11(5), 4808– 4814. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01616811/full · DOI
  48. Ware, J. E., Jr., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 26-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473– 483. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002 1593914 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Wenborn, J., Hynes, S., Moniz-Cook, E., Mountain, G., Poland, F., King, M., … Orrell, M. (2016). Community occupational therapy for people with dementia and family carers (COTiD-UK) versus treatment as usual (Valuing Active Life in Dementia [VALID] programme): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 17(1), 65. doi: 10.1186/s13063-015-1150-y 26841799 PMC4739339 · DOI
  50. Whitaker, R., Fossey, J., Ballard, C., Orrell, M., Moniz-Cook, E., Woods, R. T., … Khan, Z. (2014). Improving Well-being and health for people with dementia (WHELD): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 15(1), 284– 284. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-284 25016303 PMC4227075 · DOI
  51. Woods, B., Aguirre, E., Spector, A. E., & Orrell, M. (2012). Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 15(2), Article ID CD005562. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005562.pub2 22336813 · DOI · Paper page
  52. Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37– 49. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 7183759 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67(6), 361– 370. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x 6880820 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Stoner, C. R., Lakshminarayanan, M., Durgante, H., & Spector, A.
Affiliations
  • University College London (GB)
  • Schizophrenia Research Foundation (IN)
  • Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR)
Corresponding author
Stoner, Charlotte R.
ORCID
Venue
Aging & Mental Health
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2019-12-09
Volume
25
Issue
3
Pages
408-419
ISSN
  • 1360-7863 (ISSN-L)
  • 1364-6915
DOI
10.1080/13607863.2019.1695742
PMC
PMC8026009
OpenAlex
W2992333204
Cited by
35
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4
FWCI
0.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Aging & Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Medical Research Council (MR/S004009/1)
  • Indian Council of Medical Research (Indo-foreign/67/M/2018-NCD-I)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Conservation › Art Therapy and Mental Health
Keywords
dementia, psychosocial interventions, low- and middle-income countries, cognitive stimulation therapy, singing intervention, occupational therapy, reminiscence therapy, implementation readiness, cognitive function, quality of life, intervention effectiveness
MeSH terms
Psychosocial Intervention, Dementia, Developing Countries, Humans, India, Quality of Life

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review