The DOI matches its Crossref record; 148 of the 148 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Cognitive stimulation is an intervention for people with dementia which offers a range of enjoyable activities providing general stimulation for thinking, concentration and memory usually in a social setting, such as a small group. Its roots can be traced back to Reality Orientation (RO), which was developed in the late 1950s as a response to confusion and disorientation in older patients in hospital units in the USA. RO emphasised the engagement of nursing assistants in a hopeful, therapeutic process but became associated with a rigid, confrontational approach to people with dementia, leading to its use becoming less and less common.Cognitive stimulation is often discussed in normal ageing as well as in dementia. This reflects a general view that lack of cognitive activity hastens cognitive decline. With people with dementia, cognitive stimulation attempts to make use of the positive aspects of RO whilst ensuring that the stimulation is implemented in a sensitive, respectful and person-centred manner.There is often little consistency in the application and availability of psychological therapies in dementia services, so a systematic review of the available evidence regarding cognitive stimulation is important in order to identify its effectiveness and to place practice recommendations on a sound evidence base. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and impact of cognitive stimulation interventions aimed at improving cognition for people with dementia, including any negative effects. SEARCH METHODS: The trials were identified from a search of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group Specialized Register, called ALOIS (updated 6 December 2011). The search terms used were: cognitive stimulation, reality orientation, memory therapy, memory groups, memory support, memory stimulation, global stimulation, cognitive psychostimulation. Supplementary searches were performed in a number of major healthcare databases and trial registers to ensure that the search was up to date and comprehensive. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of cognitive stimulation for dementia which incorporated a measure of cognitive change were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently by two review authors using a previously tested data extraction form. Study authors were contacted for data not provided in the papers. Two review authors conducted independent assessments of the risk of bias in included studies. MAIN RESULTS: Fifteen RCTs were included in the review. Six of these had been included in the previous review of RO. The studies included participants from a variety of settings, interventions that were of varying duration and intensity, and were from several different countries. The quality of the studies was generally low by current standards but most had taken steps to ensure assessors were blind to treatment allocation. Data were entered in the meta-analyses for 718 participants (407 receiving cognitive stimulation, 311 in control groups). The primary analysis was on changes that were evident immediately at the end of the treatment period. A few studies provided data allowing evaluation of whether any effects were subsequently maintained. A clear, consistent benefit on cognitive function was associated with cognitive stimulation (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.41, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.57). This remained evident at follow-up one to three months after the end of treatment. In secondary analyses with smaller total sample sizes, benefits were also noted on self-reported quality of life and well-being (standardised mean difference: 0.38 [95% CI: 0.11, 0.65]); and on staff ratings of communication and social interaction (SMD 0.44, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.71). No differences in relation to mood (self-report or staff-rated), activities of daily living, general behavioural function or problem behaviour were noted. In the few studies reporting family caregiver outcomes, no differences were noted. Importantly, there was no indication of increased strain on family caregivers in the one study where they were trained to deliver the intervention. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There was consistent evidence from multiple trials that cognitive stimulation programmes benefit cognition in people with mild to moderate dementia over and above any medication effects. However, the trials were of variable quality with small sample sizes and only limited details of the randomisation method were apparent in a number of the trials. Other outcomes need more exploration but improvements in self-reported quality of life and well-being were promising. Further research should look into the potential benefits of longer term cognitive stimulation programmes and their clinical significance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cognitive stimulation improves general cognitive functioning in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia.
“Several studies reported an improvement of general cognitive functioning in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia after CS sessions of variable length (69–74).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [69]
Preliminary results indicate that cognitive stimulation may improve quality of life and well-being of caregivers of people with AD and dementia.
“However, preliminary results indicate that CS may improve QoL and well-being of caregivers of people with AD and dementia (69, 70, 74).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [69]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Reality orientation for dementia
Spector, A. E., Orrell, M. W., Davies, S., et al. (2000) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001119 · Cited by 63
Self-citationRetractedFolstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 · Cited by 15,025
Wan, X., Wang, W., Liu, J., & Tong, T. (2014) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-135 · Cited by 11,735
A New Clinical Scale for the Staging of Dementia
Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W., Coben, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.140.6.566 · Cited by 7,056
A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease
(1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.11.1356 · Cited by 4,175
Cornell scale for depression in dementia
Alexopoulos, G. S., Abrams, R. C., Young, R. C., & Shamoian, C. A. (1988) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(88)90038-8 · Cited by 2,678
Epidoxorubicin In, A., Cascinu, S., Labianca, R., Barone, C., Santoro, O., Carnaghi, C., Frontini, L., Aitini, E., Rota, S., Torri, V., et al. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_6514 · Cited by 1,394
Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review of efficacy
Olazarán, J., Reisberg, B., Clare, L., Cruz, I., Peña-Casanova, J., del Ser, T., Woods, B., Beck, C., Auer, S., Lai, C., et al. (2010) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000316119 · Cited by 937
Efficacy of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia
Spector, A. E., Thorgrimsen, L., Woods, B. T., Royan, L., Davies, S., Butterworth, M., & Orrell, M. W. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.183.3.248 · Cited by 880
Self-citationReminiscence therapy for dementia
Woods, B. T., O’Philbin, L., Farrell, E. M., Spector, A. E., & Orrell, M. W. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001120.pub3 · Cited by 880
Self-citationCan training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults?
Basak, C., Boot, W. R., Voss, M. W., & Kramer, A. F. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0013494 · Cited by 855
Smith, G. E., Housen, P., Yaffe, K., Ruff, R., Kennison, R. F., Mahncke, H. W., & Zelinski, E. M. (2009) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02167.x · Cited by 785
Clare, L., & Woods, B. T. (2004) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602010443000074 · Cited by 670
Self-citationLivingston, G., Johnston, K., Katona, C., Paton, J., Lyketsos, C. G., & Old Age Task Force of the World Federation of Biological Psychiatry (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.1996 · Cited by 591
Clare, L., & Woods, B. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003260 · Cited by 576
Self-citationInterpretation of subgroup analyses in systematic reviews: A tutorial
Richardson, M., Garner, P., & Donegan, S. (2018) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2018.05.005 · Cited by 559
Cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease: a meta‐analysis of the literature
Sitzer, D., Twamley, E. W., & Jeste, D. V. (2006) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00789.x · Cited by 487
World Alzheimer Report 2011 : The benefits of early diagnosis and intervention
Prince, M. J., Bryce, R., & Ferri, C. P. (2018) · Cited by 448
Reuler, J. B., Girard, D. E., & Cooney, T. G. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198504183121606 · Cited by 423
Webster, L., Groskreutz, D., Grinbergs‐Saull, A., Howard, R. J., O'Brien, J. T., Mountain, G. A., Banerjee, S., Woods, B. T., Perneczky, R., Lafortune, L., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179521 · Cited by 419
Self-citationStein, S. C., & Langfitt, T. W. (1974) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1974.41.4.0463 · Cited by 388
Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia
Bahar-Fuchs, A., Martyr, A., Goh, A. M., Sabates, J., & Clare, L. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013069.pub2 · Cited by 342
Cognitive Intervention in Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study
Davis, R. N., Massman, P. J., & Doody, R. S. (2001) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-200101000-00001 · Cited by 300
Carlson, M. C., Saczynski, J. S., Rebok, G. W., Seeman, T., Glass, T. A., McGill, S., Tielsch, J., Frick, K. D., Hill, J., & Fried, L. P. (2008) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/48.6.793 · Cited by 296
Benefits of cognitive-motor intervention in MCI and mild to moderate Alzheimer disease
Olazarán, J., Muñiz, R., Reisberg, ., Peña‐Casanova, J., del Ser, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Serrano, P., Navarro, E., de la Rocha, M. L. G., Frank, A., et al. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000147478.03911.28 · Cited by 294
Collins, R. N., & Kishita, N. (2020) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x19000527 · Cited by 244
Cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia: cost-effectiveness analysis
Knapp, M. R. J., Thorgrimsen, L., Patel, A. K., Spector, A. E., Hallam, A., Woods, B. T., & Orrell, M. W. (2006) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.010561 · Cited by 240
Self-citationTárraga, L. (2006) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.086074 · Cited by 238
Coping With Dementia: Evaluation of Four Nonpharmacologic Interventions
Quayhagen, M. P., Quayhagen, M., Corbeil, R. R., Hendrix, R. C., Jackson, J. E., Snyder, L., & Bower, D. (2000) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610200006360 · Cited by 225
Cognitive stimulation of patients with dementia: Preliminary results
Breuil, V., de Rotrou, J., Forette, F., Tortrat, D., Ganansia‐Ganem, A., Frambourt, A., Moulin, F., & Boller, F. (1994) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.930090306 · Cited by 204
Reality Orientation for Dementia
Spector, A. E., Davies, S., Woods, B. T., & Orrell, M. W. (2000) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/40.2.206 · Cited by 198
Self-citationSpector, A. E., Orrell, M. W., & Woods, B. T. (2010) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2464 · Cited by 196
Self-citationReality Orientation and Reminiscence Therapy
Baines, S. S., Saxby, P. J., & Ehlert, K. (1987) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.151.2.222 · Cited by 192
Spector, A. E., Orrell, M. W., Davies, S., & Woods, B. T. (2001) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602010143000068 · Cited by 188
Self-citationImproved quality of life and cognitive stimulation therapy in dementia
Woods, B. T., Thorgrimsen, L., Spector, A. E., Royan, L., & Orrell, M. W. (2006) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860500431652 · Cited by 185
Self-citationDetermining the minimum clinically important differences for outcomes in the DOMINO trial
Howard, R., Phillips, P., Johnson, T., O'Brien, J., Sheehan, B., Lindesay, J., Bentham, P., Burns, A., Ballard, C., Holmes, C., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2607 · Cited by 185
Huntley, J. D., Gould, R. L., Liu, K., Smith, M., & Howard, R. J. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005247 · Cited by 182
Reality Orientation for Geriatric Patients
Taulbee, L. R., & Folsom, J. C. (1966) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.17.5.133 · Cited by 156
Chapman, S. B., Weiner, M., Rackley, A., Hynan, L. S., & Zientz, J. (2004) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/085 · Cited by 155
Onder, G., Zanetti, O. O., Giacobini, E., Frisoni, G. B., Bartorelli, L., Carbone, G., Lambertucci, P., Silveri, M. C., & Bernabei, R. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.187.5.450 · Cited by 155
Buschert, V. C., Friese, U., Teipel, S. J., Schneider, P., Merensky, W., Rujescu, D., Möller, H., Hampel, H. J., & Büerger, K. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-100999 · Cited by 153
A Dyadic Remediation Program for Care Recipients with Dementia
Quayhagen, M. P., Quayhagen, M., Corbeil, R. R., ROTH, P. A., & Rodgers, J. A. (1995) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-199505000-00005 · Cited by 149
Watt, J. A., Goodarzi, Z., Veroniki, A. A., Nincic, V., Khan, P. A., Ghassemi, M., Lai, Y., Treister, V., Thompson, Y., Schneider, R., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n532 · Cited by 143
Cognitive rehabilitation combined with drug treatment in Alzheimer's disease patients: a pilot study
Bottino, C. M. C., Carvalho, I. A. M., Alvarez, A. M. M. A., Ávila, R., Zukauskas, P. R., Bustamante, S. E. Z., Andrade, F. C. D., Hototian, S. R., Saffi, F., & de Camargo, C. H. P. (2005) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/0269215505cr911oa · Cited by 134
Orrell, M. W., Spector, A. E., Thorgrimsen, L., & Woods, B. T. (2005) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1304 · Cited by 126
Self-citationWoods, B. T., Orrell, M. W., Bruce, E., Edwards, R. T., Hoare, Z., Hounsome, B., Keady, J. D., Moniz-Cook, E. D., Orgeta, V., Rees, J., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152843 · Cited by 126
Self-citationWhat we need to know about age related memory loss
Small, G. W. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7352.1502 · Cited by 125
Cognitive stimulation for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Spector, A. E., Woods, B. T., & Orrell, M. W. (2008) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.8.5.751 · Cited by 114
Self-citationReality Orientation and Dementia: A Controlled Trial of Two Approaches
Hanley, I. G., McGuire, R., & Boyd, W. D. (1981) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.138.1.10 · Cited by 111
Eggermont, L. H. P., Swaab, D. F., Hol, E. M., & Scherder, E. (2009) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.158444 · Cited by 108
Walking and talking therapy: Improving cognitive–motor dual-tasking in neurological illness
Evans, J. J., Greenfield, E., Wilson, B. A., & Bateman, A. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708090152 · Cited by 104
Niu, Y., Tan, J., Guan, J.-Q., Zhang, Z., & Wang, L. (2010) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215510376004 · Cited by 100
Wenisch, É., Cantegreil, I., de Rotrou, J., Garrigue, P., Moulin, F., Batouche, F., Richard, A. G., de Sant’Anna, M., & Rigaud, A.-S. (2007) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324708 · Cited by 99
Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence
Kaddour, L., & Kishita, N. (2020) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988719868313 · Cited by 98
Spector, A., Thorgrimsen, L., Woods, B. T., & Orrell, M. W. (2006) · Cited by 95
Self-citationThe Efficacy of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for People With Mild-to-Moderate Dementia
Lobbia, A., Carbone, E., Faggian, S., Gardini, S., Piras, F., Spector, A. E., & Borella, E. (2018) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000342 · Cited by 92
Self-citationA Behavioral Rehabilitation Intervention for Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Greenaway, M. C., Hanna, S. M., Lepore, S., & Smith, G. E. (2008) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317508320352 · Cited by 91
Han, J. W., Lee, H., Hong, J. W., Kim, K., Kim, T., Byun, H. J., Ko, J. W., Youn, J. C., Ryu, S., Lee, N., et al. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160619 · Cited by 89
(2007) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423363.43159 · Cited by 88
Reality Orientation, a Therapy for Psychogeriatric Patients: a Controlled Study
Brook, P., Degun, G., & Mather, M. (1975) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.127.1.42 · Cited by 85
Mudge, A., Giebel, A. J., & Cutler, A. (2008) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01607.x · Cited by 83
Reality Orientation Therapy in Alzheimer Disease
Zanetti, O. O., Frisoni, G. B., Leo, D. D., Buono, M. D., Bianchetti, A., & Trabucchi, M. (1995) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-199509030-00003 · Cited by 81
Farina, E., Mantovani, F., Fioravanti, R., Pignatti, R., Chiavari, L., Imbornone, E., Olivotto, F., Alberoni, M., Mariani, C., & Nemni, R. (2006) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860500409492 · Cited by 81
Effects of Cholinergic Drugs and Cognitive Training on Dementia: 2-Year Follow-Up
Hernández, C. R., Maestú, F., Campo, P., Fernández, A., & Ortiz, T. A. (2006) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000095600 · Cited by 79
Reality Orientation: A Critical Appraisal
Powell-Proctor, L., & Miller, E. (1982) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.140.5.457 · Cited by 79
Positive Approaches to Dementia Care
Holden, U., & Woods, B. T. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 75
Self-citationPreserving Cognition Through an Integrated Cognitive Stimulation and Training Program
Eckroth-Bucher, M., & Siberski, J. (2009) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317509332624 · Cited by 75
Reality Orientation and Staff Attention: a Controlled Study
Woods, B. T. (1979) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.5.502 · Cited by 75
Self-citationEffects of Cholinergic Drugs and Cognitive Training on Dementia
Hernández, C. R., Ibor, M. I. L., Maestú, F., Campo, P., Ibor, J. J. L., & Ortiz, T. A. (2004) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000077735 · Cited by 72
An exploratory study of the effect of mahjong on the cognitive functioning of persons with dementia
Cheng, S., Chan, A., & Yu, E. C. S. (2006) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1531 · Cited by 72
Schreiber, M. (1999) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/713755596 · Cited by 70
Can we help persons with dementia find their way in a new environment?
McGilton, K. S., Rivera, T., & Dawson, P. (2003) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/1360786031000150676 · Cited by 69
Cheung, G., & Peri, K. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1789945 · Cited by 69
A Measure of Perceived Burden among Caregivers
Macera, C. A., Eaker, E. D., Jannarone, R. J., Davis, D. R., & Stoskopf, C. H. (1993) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/016327879301600205 · Cited by 68
Arcoverde, C., Deslandes, A. C., Rangel, A. B., Rangel, A., Pavão, R., Nigri, F., Engelhardt, E., & Laks, J. (2008) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2008000300007 · Cited by 66
Aguirre, E., Spector, A. E., Hoe, J., Russell, I. T., Knapp, M. R. J., Woods, B. T., & Orrell, M. W. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-46 · Cited by 66
Self-citationCognitive Stimulation as a Therapeutic Modality for Dementia: A Meta-Analysis
Kim, K., Han, J. W., So, Y., Seo, J.-Y., Kim, Y. J., Park, J. H., Lee, S. B., Lee, J. J., Jeong, H., Kim, T. H., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.5.626 · Cited by 66
Barton, G. M. (1981) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(81)80290-9 · Cited by 65
Effectiveness of cognitive stimulation for dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cafferata, R. M. T., Hicks, B., & von Bastian, C. C. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000325 · Cited by 64
Milev, R. V., Kellar, T., McLean, M., Mileva, V., Luthra, V., Thompson, S., & Peever, L. (2008) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317508316681 · Cited by 63
Adverse Effects of Reality Orientation
Dietch, J. T., Hewett, L. J., & Jones, S. (1989) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb07284.x · Cited by 62
Efficacy of a cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia
Coen, R. F., Flynn, B., Rigney, E., O’Connor, E., Fitzgerald, L., Murray, C., Dunleavy, C., McDonald, M., Delaney, D., Merriman, N. A., et al. (2011) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0790966700012131 · Cited by 61
Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for dementia: a systematic review of qualitative research
Gibbor, L., Yates, L., Volkmer, A., & Spector, A. E. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1746741 · Cited by 61
Self-citationReality orientation: a welcome return?
Woods, B. T. (2002) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/31.3.155 · Cited by 58
Self-citationThe Effects of a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program of Alzheimer’s Disease in a Hospital Setting
Raggi, A., Iannaccone, S., Marcone, A., et al. (2007) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2007/782959 · Cited by 57
Effects of reality orientation therapy on elderly patients in the community
Baldelli, M. V., Pirani, A., Motta, M., Abati, E., Mariani, E., & Manzi, V. (1993) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/0167-4943(93)90052-j · Cited by 57
Farina, E., Mantovani, F., Fioravanti, R., Rotella, G., Villanelli, F., Imbornone, E., Olivotto, F., Tincani, M., Alberoni, M., Petrone, E., et al. (2006) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/01.wad.0000213846.66742.90 · Cited by 56
Group Activity and Cognitive Improvement Among Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
Gerber, G. J., Prince, P. N., Snider, H. G., Atchison, K., DuBois, L., & Kilgour, J. A. (1991) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.42.8.843 · Cited by 56
Chan, J. Y. C., Chan, T. K., Kwok, T. C. Y., Wong, S. Y. S., Lee, A. T. C., & Tsoi, K. K. F. (2020) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaa063 · Cited by 56
Kim, D.-J. (2020) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2020/6305727 · Cited by 55
Multistimulation Group Therapy in Alzheimer’s Disease Promotes Changes in Brain Functioning
Baglio, F., Griffanti, L., Saibene, F. L., Ricci, C., Alberoni, M., Critelli, R., Villanelli, F., Fioravanti, R., Mantovani, F., D’amico, A., et al. (2014) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968314532833 · Cited by 54
Newson, R. S., & Kemps, E. (2006) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730600699134 · Cited by 53
The Effect of Cognitive Stimulation on Nursing Home Elders: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Apóstolo, J., Cardoso, D., Rosa, A. I., & Paúl, C. (2014) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12072 · Cited by 53
Thickpenny-Davis, K. L., & Barker-Collo, S. L. (2007) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.htr.0000290975.09496.93 · Cited by 49
Hand motor activity, cognition, mood, and the rest–activity rhythm in dementia
Eggermont, L. H. P., Knol, D. L., Hol, E. M., Swaab, D. F., & Scherder, E. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.09.012 · Cited by 48
Evaluation of a Yearlong Reality Orientation Program
Zepelin, H., Wolfe, C. S., & Kleinplatz, F. (1981) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/36.1.70 · Cited by 46
Intervention Effects on Dementia Caregiving Interaction
Corbeil, R. R., Quayhagen, M. P., & Quayhagen, M. (1999) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/089826439901100105 · Cited by 45
Cognitive rehabilitation for people with mild to moderate dementia
Kudlicka, A., Martyr, A., Bahar‐Fuchs, A., Woods, B. T., & Clare, L. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013388 · Cited by 44
Self-citationReality orientation for dementia
Spector, A. E., Orrell, M. W., Davies, S. P., & Woods, B. T. (2000) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001119.pub2 · Cited by 43
Self-citationREEVE, W., & Ivison, D. (1985) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/14.2.119 · Cited by 42
Multidyad Memory Notebook Intervention for Very Mild Dementia: A Pilot Study
Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M., Howard, J. T., Pavawalla, S., Howell, L., & Rueda, A. D. (2008) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317508320794 · Cited by 40
Kolanowski, A., Fick, D., Litaker, M., Mulhall, P., Clare, L., Hill, N., Mogle, J., Boustani, M., Gill, D., & Yevchak‐Sillner, A. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14511 · Cited by 40
Tsai, A. Y., Yang, M., Lan, C., & Chen, C. (2008) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2050 · Cited by 38
Matsuda, O. (2006) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610206004194 · Cited by 38
Reality orientation therapy — a controlled trial
Wallis, G. G., Baldwin, M., & Higginbotham, P. (1983) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1983.tb01556.x · Cited by 38
Cognitive Stimulation for Apathy in Probable Early-Stage Alzheimer's
Buettner, L. L., Fitzsimmons, S., Atav, S., & Sink, K. M. (2011) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.4061/2011/480890 · Cited by 36
Constantinidou, F., Thomas, R. D., & Robinson, L. (2008) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.htr.0000336844.99079.2c · Cited by 35
Williams, R. M., REEVE, W., Ivison, D., & Kavanagh, D. J. (1987) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/16.5.315 · Cited by 35
Orfanos, S., Gibbor, L., Carr, C. E., & Spector, A. E. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1746740 · Cited by 35
Self-citationDo people with dementia benefit from psychological interventions offered on a group basis?
Scott, J., & Clare, L. (2003) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.369 · Cited by 34
Jigsaws-A preserved ability in semantic dementia
Green, H. A. C., & Patterson, K. E. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.10.015 · Cited by 34
Tadaka, E., & Kanagawa, K. (2004) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/j.1742-7924.2004.00006.x · Cited by 33
Wolverson, E., Dunn, R., Moniz-Cook, E. D., Gove, D., & Diaz-Ponce, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14787 · Cited by 33
Wolverson, E., Birtles, H., Moniz-Cook, E. D., James, I. A., Brooker, D., & Duffy, F. (2019) · OBM Geriatrics · doi:10.21926/obm.geriatr.1904080 · Cited by 32
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF THE ELDERLY
Woods, B. T., & Britton, P. G. (1977) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/6.2.104 · Cited by 29
Self-citationChen, J., Duan, Y., Li, H., Lu, L., Liu, J., & Tang, C. (2019) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s210062 · Cited by 29
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF THREE VERSIONS OF ‘CLASSROOM’ REALITY ORIENTATION
JOHNSON, C. H., McLaren, S. M., & McPherson, F. M. (1981) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/10.1.33 · Cited by 28
Comparison of a Reality Orientation Program for Geriatric Patients With and Without Music
Riegler, J. (1980) · Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1093/jmt/17.1.26 · Cited by 28
Holden, U., & SINEBRUCHOW, A. (1978) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/7.2.83 · Cited by 24
Knapp, M. R. J., Bauer, A., Wittenberg, R., Comas‐Herrera, A., Cyhlarova, E., Hu, B., Jagger, C., Kingston, A., Patel, A. K., Spector, A. E., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5633 · Cited by 24
Self-citationGonzález‐Abraldes, I., Millán-Calentí, J. C., Balo-García, A., Tubío, J., Lorenzo, T., & Maseda, A. (2010) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2009.10.005 · Cited by 23
[Cognitive plasticity in Alzheimer's disease patients receiving cognitive stimulation programs].
Cassinello, M. D. Z., Mestre, L. T., & Ballesteros, R. F. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 22
Reality orientation for the elderly: a critique
Burton, M. H. (1982) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1982.tb00259.x · Cited by 22
Baldelli, M. V., Boiardi, R., Fabbo, A., et al. (2002) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/s0167-4943(02)00098-5 · Cited by 22
Turner, J. W. A. (1958) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5091.291 · Cited by 19
Kaur, H., Griffiths, R., Yates, L., Schneider, J. M., & Orrell, M. W. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1783515 · Cited by 19
Self-citationVidovich, M. R., Shaw, J., Flicker, L. A., & Almeida, O. P. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-47 · Cited by 18
Hill, N. L., Kolanowski, A. M., Fick, D. M., Chinchilli, V. M., & Jablonski, R. A. (2014) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20140311-01 · Cited by 18
Holden, E., Stoner, C. R., & Spector, A. E. (2020) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301220954611 · Cited by 18
Self-citationBenign Senescent Forgetfulness
Ishizuka, N., & Takahashi, S. (2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_183851 · Cited by 17
An evaluation of reality orientation therapy
Goldstein, G., Turner, S. M., Holzman, A. D., Kanagy, M., Elmore, S., & Barry, K. E. (1982) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf01321390 · Cited by 15
Who Participates in Psychosocial Interventions for Caregivers of Patients with Dementia?
Wettstein, A., Schmid, R., & König, M. (2004) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000077814 · Cited by 13
Fernández‐Calvo, B., Castillo, I. C., Serna, A., Carvalho, V. Â. M. D. L. E., & Campos, F. R. (2010) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.15.num.2.2010.4090 · Cited by 12
Luttenberger, K., Graessel, E., Behrndt, E.-M., Özbe, D., Donath, C., & Scheel, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00587 · Cited by 12
Méthode de prise en charge globale non médicamenteuse des patients déments institutionnalisés
Wenisch, E., Stoker, A., Bourrellis, C., Pasquet, C., Gauthier, É., Corcos, E., Banchi, M.-T., Rotrou, J. D., & Rigaud, A. (2005) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/s0035-3787(05)85035-0 · Cited by 11
Cognitive stimulation and dementia
Moniz-Cook, E. D. (2006) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860600725268 · Cited by 11
Salmon, N. (2006) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/030802260606901107 · Cited by 9
Cognitive plasticity in alzheimer's disease patients receiving cognitive stimulation programmes
Zamarrón, M. D., Mestre, L. T., & Ballesteros, R. F. (2009) · Psychology in Spain · Cited by 8
Augmenting Cognitive Stimulation Activities in a Nursing Home through Pervasive Computing
Meza-Kubo, V., Gonzalez-Fraga, J. A., Morán, A. L., et al. (2009) · Latin American Web Congress · doi:10.1109/la-web.2009.38 · Cited by 6
Cognitive stimulation therapy improves cognition and quality of life in older people with dementia
Leach, L. (2004) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmh.7.1.19 · Cited by 4
Hernández, C. R., Unturbe, F. M., Martínez‐Lage, P., et al. (2007) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/s0211-139x(07)73515-1 · Cited by 4
Smith, P. A. (2007) · Journal of medical speech-language pathology · Cited by 4
Cognitive stimulation therapy improved cognition and quality of life in dementia
Forbes, D. A. (2004) · Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1136/ebn.7.2.54 · Cited by 3
P3–257: The effect of cognitive stimulation on cognition in the elderly
Apóstolo, J., Gil, I., Rosa, A., Almeida, J., & Fernandes, A. (2013) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1331 · Cited by 2
Cognitive stimulation therapy improved cognition and quality of life in dementia
Hirsch, C. H. (2004) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/ebm.9.2.49 · Cited by 1
Long-term reality orientation therapy for subjects with dementia in an Italian suburban setting.
Fantò, F., Tisci, C., Molaschi, M., et al. (2002) · Neurobiology of Aging · Cited by 1
Streater, A., Yates, L., Orrell, M. W., et al. (2019) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301219836001 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Ferrario, 1991, Reality orientation therapy in institutionalized elderly patients: Preliminary results, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 12 Suppl 2, 139
- Croisile, 2006, Memory stimulation. What rational? What exercises?, Revue de Geriatrie, 31, 421
- Faggian, 2007, An intervention protocol on cognitive abilities for subjects with severe cognitive impairment, Giornale di Gerontologia, 55, 134
- Hernandez, 2007, Effects of combined pharmacologic and cognitive treatment in the progression of moderate dementia: A two-year follow-up, Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontologia, 42, 3
- Ruiz Sanchez De Leon, 2007, Computer-based cognitive training and donepezil: Combined therapy effects in cognitive impairment, Mapfre Medicina, 18, 25
- Schreiber, 1998, Development and evaluation of an interactive computer-based training as a rehabilitation tool for dementia, Psychologie Beitrage, 40, 85
- Tarraga L Randomised pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of an interactive multimedia system for the cognitive stimulation of Alzheimer's disease patients 1st International Consensus Conference Non pharmacological Therapies for Alzheimer's, Madrid, May 12-13 2005 35 6
- Tarraga, 2007, Interactive cognitive stimulation with a computer and Alzheimer's disease, Neuroscientist, 13, 97
- Wenish, 2005, A global intervention program for institutionalized demented patients, Revue Neurologique, 161, 290
- Zanetti, 2004, Effectiveness of the association of donepezil and Reality Orientation Therapy, Giornale di Gerontologia, 52, 480
- Zientz, 2007, Evidence-based practice recommendations: Caregiver-administered active cognitive stimulation for individuals with Alzheimer's disease., Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 15, 27
- Fernandez-Calvo, 2010, The effect of an individual or group intervention format in cognitive stimulation of patients with Alzheimer's disease., Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 15, 115
- Mohs, 2000, Neuropsychological assessment of patients with Alzheimer's disease, http://www.acnp
- NICE-SCIE, 2006, Dementia: Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care: Clinical Guideline 42.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care
Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, S. G., Huntley, J., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31363-6 · Cited by 6,072
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Liu, K. Y., Costafreda, S. G., Selbæk, G., Alladi, S., Ames, D., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Brayne, C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01296-0 · Cited by 3,860
The Impact of Age on Cognition
Murman, D. (2015) · Seminars in Hearing · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1555115 · Cited by 1,619
Abraha, I., Rimland, J. M., Trotta, F. M., Dell'Aquila, G., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Petrovic, M., Gudmundsson, A., Soiza, R., O'Mahony, D., Guaita, A., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012759 · Cited by 557
Bahar-Fuchs, A., Clare, L., & Woods, B. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003260.pub2 · Cited by 507
Self-citationHersi, M., Irvine, B., Gupta, P., Gomes, J., Birkett, N., & Krewski, D. (2017) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2017.03.006 · Cited by 332
Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia
Bahar-Fuchs, A., Martyr, A., Goh, A. M., Sabates, J., & Clare, L. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013069.pub2 · Cited by 342
Ueda, T., Suzukamo, Y., Sato, M., & Izumi, S.-I. (2013) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2013.02.003 · Cited by 330
Zucchella, C., Sinforiani, E., Tamburin, S., Federico, A., Mantovani, E., Bernini, S., Casale, R., & Bartolo, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01058 · Cited by 297
“However, preliminary results indicate that CS may improve QoL and wellbeing of caregivers of people with AD and dementia (69, 70, 74).”
ResultBrummel, N. E., Girard, T. D., Ely, E. W., Pandharipande, P. P., Morandi, A., Hughes, C. G., Graves, A. J., Shintani, A., Murphy, E., Work, B., et al. (2014) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-013-3136-0 · Cited by 256
Recommendations of the 5th Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia
Ismail, Z., Black, S. E., Camicioli, R., Chertkow, H., Herrmann, N., Laforce, R., Montero‐Odasso, M., Rockwood, K., Rosa‐Neto, P., Seitz, D., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12105 · Cited by 245
Bahar-Fuchs, A., Clare, L., & Woods, B. (2013) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/alzrt189 · Cited by 239
Self-citationBeerens, H. C., Zwakhalen, S. M. G., Verbeek, H., Ruwaard, D., & Hamers, J. P. H. (2013) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.02.005 · Cited by 219
Current treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia
Y.Y. Szeto, J., & J.G. Lewis, S. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666151208112754 · Cited by 198
Huntley, J. D., Gould, R. L., Liu, K., Smith, M., & Howard, R. J. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005247 · Cited by 182
Sanders, L. M. J., Hortobágyi, T., Karssemeijer, E. G. A., Van der Zee, E. A., Scherder, E. J. A., & van Heuvelen, M. J. G. (2020) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-020-00597-3 · Cited by 154
Art therapy for people with dementia
Deshmukh, S. R., Holmes, J., & Cardno, A. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011073.pub2 · Cited by 154
Watt, J. A., Goodarzi, Z., Veroniki, A. A., Nincic, V., Khan, P. A., Ghassemi, M., Lai, Y., Treister, V., Thompson, Y., Schneider, R., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n532 · Cited by 143
New therapeutics beyond amyloid-β and tau for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Zhang, F., Zhong, R.-J., Cheng, C., Li, S., & Le, W.-D. (2021) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-020-00565-5 · Cited by 105
Chen, R., Liu, C., Lin, M., Peng, L., Chen, L., Liu, L., & Chen, L. (2014) · Geriatrics & Gerontology International · doi:10.1111/ggi.12126 · Cited by 62
Paddick, S.-M., Mkenda, S., Mbowe, G., Kisoli, A., Gray, W. K., Dotchin, C. L., Ternent, L., Ogunniyi, A., Kissima, J., Olakehinde, O., et al. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217000163 · Cited by 58
Efficacy of cognitive stimulation therapy for older adults with vascular dementia
Piras, F., Carbone, E., Faggian, S., Salvalaio, E., Gardini, S., & Borella, E. (2017) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040014 · Cited by 54
Kolanowski, A., Fick, D., Litaker, M., Mulhall, P., Clare, L., Hill, N., Mogle, J., Boustani, M., Gill, D., & Yevchak‐Sillner, A. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14511 · Cited by 40
“For example, cognitive stimulation therapy can improve cognitive function in individuals with dementia.(16) Pilot work showed that individuals with DSD in PAC who engaged in cognitively stimulating activities daily had less decline in global cognition and physical function than controls.”
Brunelle-Hamann, L., Thivierge, S., & Simard, M. (2015) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.964731 · Cited by 29
Nonpharmacologic Treatment and Prevention Strategies for Dementia
Yaffe, K., & Hoang, T. (2013) · Continuum · doi:10.1212/01.con.0000429178.14354.67 · Cited by 28
Trajectories of behavioural disturbances across dementia types
Linds, A. B., Kirstein, A. B., Freedman, M., Verhoeff, N. P. L. G., Wolf, U., & Chow, T. W. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2015.266 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Woods, B., Aguirre, E., Spector, A. E., & Orrell, M.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-02-15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- CD005562-CD005562
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-1858
- OpenAlex
- W1529409337
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 7.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- new_version (2023-01-31)
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0606-1083)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Keywords
- cognitive stimulation, dementia, cognitive function, reality orientation, memory stimulation, memory therapy, group activities, person-centred care, cognitive decline, intervention effectiveness, risk of bias, older adults, nursing homes, community-dwelling older adults, dementia services, normal aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cognition, Dementia, Humans, Memory, Orientation, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
