The use of email-facilitated interviewing with higher functioning autistic people participating in a grounded theory study
Abstract
This paper explores the inclusive potential of computer‐mediated communication (CMC) for a ‘hard to reach’ group of research participants, specifically people at the higher functioning end of the autistic spectrum. Drawing on the literature pertaining to the fields of autism, CMC and research methods, as well as the first author’s experience of using email as a means of conducting interviews, the paper will discuss the epistemological, methodological and practical issues raised by the use of this method of collecting data from higher functioning autistic people, as well as its suitability in the context of a study guided by grounded theory.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Clinicians may struggle to distinguish autistic traits from symptoms of mental health conditions because of similarities in external presentation.
“Clinicians may struggle to distinguish autistic traits from symptoms of mental health conditions because of similarities in external presentation,8,12–14”
From Approaches to improving mental healthcare for autistic people: Systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
For autistic people, co-occurring mental health difficulties can lead to increased risk of suicide.
“and increased risk of suicide.6–8”
From Approaches to improving mental healthcare for autistic people: Systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
Cites
Ethnography: Principles and Practice
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1983) · Cited by 7,730 · see citing works
Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction
WALTHER, J. B. (1996) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365096023001001 · Cited by 4,798 · see citing works
The online disinhibition effect
Suler, J. (2004) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/1094931041291295 · Cited by 4,375 · see citing works
Ethnography: Principles in Practice
Stebbins, R. A., Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1985) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/3340052 · Cited by 4,082 · see citing works
Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction
Walther, J. B. (1992) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365092019001003 · Cited by 2,535 · see citing works
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
Troy, J. (2005) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-80802-8_11 · Cited by 1,654 · see citing works
Handbook of Interview Research
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2001) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412973588 · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works
Crystal, D. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139164771 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
The network nation: human communication via computer
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-2158 · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction
Walther, J. B., Anderson, J. F., & Park, D. W. (1994) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365094021004002 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Internet Communication and Qualitative Research
Mann, C., & Stewart, F. A. (2000) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849209281 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Virtual Methods : Issues in Social Research on the Internet
(2005) · Bloomsbury Academic eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781474215930 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Psychology and the Internet : intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal implications
Gackenbach, J. (1998) · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Müller, E., Schuler, A., & Yates, G. (2008) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361307086664 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Emanuel Miller lecture: Confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome
Frith, U. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00262.x · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Getting the Seats of Your Pants Dirty: Strategies for Ethnographic Research on Virtual Communities
Paccagnella, L. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00065.x · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Conducting Intensive Interviews Using Email
McCoyd, J. L. M., & Kerson, T. S. (2006) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/1473325006067367 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Using the Internet for Survey Research
Coomber, R. (1997) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.73 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Love at first byte? Building personal relationships over computer networks.
Lea, M., & Spears, R. (1995) · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Under-Studied Relationships: Off the Beaten Track
Humble, Á. M., Wood, J. T., & Duck, S. W. (1996) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353993 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Causes and implications of disinhibited behavior on the Internet.
Joinson, A. (1998) · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Digital inclusion: an analysis of social disadvantage and the information society
Helsper, E. J. (2008) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 241 · see citing works
In the flesh or online? Exploring qualitative research methodologies
Seymour, W. (2001) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/146879410100100203 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Benford, P., & Standen, P. (2009) · Journal of Assistive Technologies · doi:10.1108/17549450200900015 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citation(2005) · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Bampton, R., & Cowton, C. J. (2008) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-3.2.848 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Using the Online Medium for Discursive Research About People With Disabilities
Bowker, N., & Tuffin, K. F. (2004) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439303262561 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Adults With Autism Speak Out: Perceptions of Their Life Experiences
Hurlbutt, K., & Chalmers, L. (2002) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576020170020501 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Qualitative Methods and Health Policy Research
Murphy, E., & Dingwall, R. W. J. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315127873 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Realtime Interviewing Using the World Wide Web
Chen, P., & Hinton, S. (1999) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.308 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
E-mail: a qualitative research medium for interviewing?
Murray, C. D., & Sixsmith, J. (1998) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.1998.10846867 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Qualitative Methods and Health Policy Research
Timmermans, S. (2004) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/009430610403300670 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Dicing with Deception: People with Disabilities' Strategies for Managing Safety and Identity Online
Bowker, N., & Tuffin, K. F. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2003.tb00209.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Cyber-Mothers: Online Synchronous Interviewing using Conferencing Software
O’Connor, H., & Madge, C. (2001) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.543 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
(2014) · Bloomsbury Academic eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781474215930.ch-004 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Egan, J., Chenoweth, L., & McAuliffe, D. A. (2006) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050601049692 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mental Health Aspects of Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Priest, H. M. (2006) · Learning Disability Practice · doi:10.7748/ldp.9.2.25.s20 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Supporting people with autism through adulthood
Comptroller, G. B. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Unauthorized Minds: How “Theory of Mind” Theory Misrepresents Autism
Smukler, D. (2005) · Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Researching shyness: a contradiction in terms?
Scott, S. (2004) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794104041109 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Internet: A New Field for Qualitative Inquiry?
Hølge‐Hazelton, B. (2008) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-3.2.854 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Asperger Syndrome in Adolescence : Living with the Ups, the Downs and Things in Between
Willey, L. H. (2003) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Interviewing Online: Qualitative Research in the Network(ed) Society
Shepherd, N. (2003) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Approaches to improving mental healthcare for autistic people: Systematic review
Loizou, S., Pemovska, T., Stefanidou, T., Foye, U., Cooper, R., Kular, A., Greenburgh, A., Baldwin, H., Griffiths, J., Saunders, K. R. K., et al. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.707 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…the design, conduct or write-up of the study; (2) for studies with qualitative elements, reported adjustments made to the data collection process; 24 (3) for studies with quantitative elements, reported adjustments made to the data collection tools; 25 (4) for studies with quantitative elements,…”
- Authors
- Benford, P., & Standen, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Benford, P.
- ORCID
- Standen, P.J.
- Venue
- International Journal of Social Research Methodology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 353-368
- ISSN
- 1364-5579 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5300
- OpenAlex
- W2010088541
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Social Research Methodology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Keywords
- computer-mediated communication, high-functioning autism, autistic people, inclusive research, grounded theory, epistemology of research, research ethics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review