The DOI matches its Crossref record; 260 of the 260 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration
Abstract
This review comprises the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of natural and synthetic estrogens and progestogens used in contraception and therapy, with special consideration of hormone replacement therapy. The paper describes the mechanisms of action, the relation between structure and hormonal activity, differences in hormonal pattern and potency, peculiarities in the properties of certain steroids, tissue-specific effects, and the metabolism of the available estrogens and progestogens. The influence of the route of administration on pharmacokinetics, hormonal activity and metabolism is presented, and the effects of oral and transdermal treatment with estrogens on tissues, clinical and serum parameters are compared. The effects of oral, transdermal (patch and gel), intranasal, sublingual, buccal, vaginal, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of estrogens, as well as of oral, vaginal, transdermal, intranasal, buccal, intramuscular and intrauterine application of progestogens are discussed. The various types of progestogens, their receptor interaction, hormonal pattern and the hormonal activity of certain metabolites are described in detail. The structural formulae, serum concentrations, binding affinities to steroid receptors and serum binding globulins, and the relative potencies of the available estrogens and progestins are presented. Differences in the tissue-specific effects of the various compounds and regimens and their potential implications with the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy are discussed.
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Citations
Cites
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Estrogen plus Progestin and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Manson, J. E., Hsia, J., Johnson, K. C., Rossouw, J. E., Assaf, A. R., Lasser, N. L., Trevisan, M., Black, H. R., Heckbert, S. R., Detrano, R., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030808 · Cited by 2,065
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Effects of Estrogen Replacement on the Progression of Coronary-Artery Atherosclerosis
Herrington, D. M., Reboussin, D. M., Brosnihan, K. B., Sharp, P. C., Shumaker, S. A., Snyder, T. E., Furberg, C. D., Kowalchuk, G. J., Stuckey, T. D., Rogers, W. J., et al. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200008243430801 · Cited by 1,242
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Cited by
Meschia, J. F., Bushnell, C., Boden-Albala, B., Braun, L. T., Bravata, D. M., Chaturvedi, S., Creager, M. A., Eckel, R. H., Elkind, M. S. V., Fornage, M., et al. (2014) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0000000000000046 · Cited by 2,650
Bushnell, C., McCullough, L. D., Awad, I. A., Chireau, M. V., Fedder, W. N., Furie, K. L., Howard, V. J., Lichtman, J. H., Lisabeth, L. D., Piña, I. L., et al. (2014) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000442009.06663.48 · Cited by 941
Estradiol and cognitive function: Past, present and future
Luine, V. N. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.08.011 · Cited by 457
Stanczyk, F. Z., Hapgood, J. P., Winer, S., & Mishell, D. R. (2013) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2012-1008 · Cited by 429
Turgeon, J. L., Carr, M. C., Maki, P. M., Mendelsohn, M. E., & Wise, P. M. (2006) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2005-0020 · Cited by 264
Metadata
- Authors
- Kuhl, H.
- Venue
- Climacteric
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- sup1
- Pages
- 3-63
- ISSN
- 1369-7137 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0804
- OpenAlex
- W2104231345
- Cited by
- 835
- References
- 260
- FWCI
- 10.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
