Management of cardiovascular risk in the perimenopausal women: a consensus statement of European cardiologists and gynecologists
Abstract
Cardiovascular risk is poorly managed in women, especially during the menopausal transition when susceptibility to cardiovascular events increases. Clear gender differences exist in the epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, progression, prognosis and management of cardiovascular risk. Key risk factors that need to be controlled in the perimenopausal woman are hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and other components of the metabolic syndrome, with the avoidance and careful control of diabetes. Hypertension is a particularly powerful risk factor and lowering of blood pressure is pivotal. Hormone replacement therapy is acknowledged as the gold standard for the alleviation of the distressing vasomotor symptoms of the menopause, but the findings of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study generated concern for the detrimental effect on cardiovascular events. Thus, hormone replacement therapy cannot be recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Whether the findings of WHI in older postmenopausal women can be applied to younger perimenopausal women is unknown. It is increasingly recognized that hormone therapy is inappropriate for older postmenopausal women no longer displaying menopausal symptoms. Both gynecologists and cardiovascular physicians have an important role to play in identifying perimenopausal women at risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and should work as a team to identify and manage risk factors, such as hypertension.
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Guidelines on the prevention of cardiovascular disease recognise perimenopause and menopause as periods when women are vulnerable to cardiovascular disease.
“Guidelines on the prevention of cardiovascular disease recognise perimenopause and menopause as periods when women are vulnerable to cardiovascular disease”
From Association between the reproductive health of young women and cardiovascular disease in later life: umbrella review (2020) · cites this paper as [128]
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- Authors
- Collins, P., Rosano, G., Casey, C., Daly, C., Gambacciani, M., Hadji, P., Kaaja, R., Mikkola, T., Palacios, S., Preston, R., Simon, T., Stevenson, J., & Stramba-Badiale, M.
- Affiliations
- Royal Brompton Hospital (GB)
- St. John's Hospital (US)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Instituto Palacios (ES)
- University of Miami (US)
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (FR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Climacteric
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 508-526
- ISSN
- 1369-7137 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0804
- OpenAlex
- W1998058731
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Climacteric (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- cardiovascular risk, perimenopause, menopause, hormone replacement therapy, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, Women's Health Initiative, cardiovascular disease prevention, cardiovascular risk factors, multidisciplinary care
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Europe, Female, Gynecology, Humans, Hypertension, Middle Aged, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Primary Prevention, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Women's Health, Risk Assessment, Perimenopause, Atherosclerosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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