Neuropsychological functioning of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury
Abstract
This study examined the neuropsychological performance of 125 outpatient Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nonacute mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) (n = 66) and PTSD (n = 59) across multiple cognitive domains to determine whether mild TBI results in greater impairment among those with PTSD. Profile analyses revealed that veterans with PTSD and mild TBI did not differ significantly from those with just PTSD across domains, suggesting that comorbid mild TBI does not result in an additive effect. A norms-based comparison also revealed that neither group demonstrated impaired performance on any of the objective neuropsychological measures examined. However, both groups endorsed moderately elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety, indicating that comorbid psychopathology may contribute to subjective cognitive complaints.
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Most individuals with remote mTBI(s) do not have objective cognitive deficits that might explain their self-reported cognitive difficulties.
“Our new findings add to mounting evidence that most individuals with remote mTBI(s) do not have objective cognitive deficits that might explain their self-reported cognitive difficulties (Soble et al., 2013).”
From Can mild traumatic brain injury alter cognition chronically? A LIMBIC-CENC multicenter study. (2023) · cites this paper as Soble et al., 2013
Cites
Memory and attention in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Uddo, M., Vasterling, J. J., Brailey, K., & Sutker, P. B. (1993) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00964322 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“Diagnosis Threat”: The Effect of Negative Expectations on Cognitive Performance in Head Injury
Suhr, J. A., & Gunstad, J. (2002) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.24.4.448.1039 · Cited by 229 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…also can reflect “diagnosis threat” in that past studies also have found that individuals with TBIs may develop negative symptom and outcome expectations that can further perpetuate and maintain perceived postconcussive symptoms (Mittenberg, DiGiulio, Perrin, & Bass, 1992; Suhr & Gunstad, 2002).”
ResultChamelian, L., & Feinstein, A. (2006) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.18.1.33 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
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A quantitative meta-analysis of neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Scott, J. C., Matt, G. E., Wrocklage, K. M., Crnich, C., Jordan, J., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., & Schweinsburg, B. C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038039 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Can mild traumatic brain injury alter cognition chronically? A LIMBIC-CENC multicenter study.
Walker, W. C., O'Neil, M. E., Ou, Z., Pogoda, T. K., Belanger, H. G., Scheibel, R. S., Presson, A. P., Miles, S. R., Wilde, E. A., Tate, D. F., et al. (2023) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000855 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Soble, J. R., Spanierman, L. B., & Fitzgerald Smith, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Soble, Jason R.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 551-561
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2143420967
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, mild traumatic brain injury, combat veterans, neuropsychological performance, cognitive impairment, comorbidities, subjective cognitive complaints, depression, anxiety, Operation Enduring Freedom, Iraq War
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Mental Disorders, Brain Injuries, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Combat Disorders, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Memory, Memory Disorders, Middle Aged, Nervous System Diseases, Neuropsychological Tests, Outpatients, Psychomotor Performance, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Unconsciousness, Veterans, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Executive Function
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