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Cited by 513Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

A quantitative meta-analysis of neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder.

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Scott, J. Cobb, Matt, Georg E., Wrocklage, Kristen M., Crnich, Cassandra, Jordan, Jessica, Southwick, Steven M., Krystal, John H., Schweinsburg, Brian C.·2015·Psychological Bulletin
DOI 10.1037/a0038039PMC PMC4293317
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Abstract

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with regional alterations in brain structure and function that are hypothesized to contribute to symptoms and cognitive deficits associated with the disorder. We present here the first systematic meta-analysis of neurocognitive outcomes associated with PTSD to examine a broad range of cognitive domains and describe the profile of cognitive deficits, as well as modifying clinical factors and study characteristics. This report is based on data from 60 studies totaling 4,108 participants, including 1,779 with PTSD, 1,446 trauma-exposed comparison participants, and 895 healthy comparison participants without trauma exposure. Effect-size estimates were calculated using a mixed-effects meta-analysis for 9 cognitive domains: attention/working memory, executive functions, verbal learning, verbal memory, visual learning, visual memory, language, speed of information processing, and visuospatial abilities. Analyses revealed significant neurocognitive effects associated with PTSD, although these ranged widely in magnitude, with the largest effect sizes in verbal learning (d = -.62), speed of information processing (d = -.59), attention/working memory (d = -.50), and verbal memory (d =-.46). Effect-size estimates were significantly larger in treatment-seeking than community samples and in studies that did not exclude participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and effect sizes were affected by between-group IQ discrepancies and the gender composition of the PTSD groups. Our findings indicate that consideration of neuropsychological functioning in attention, verbal memory, and speed of information processing may have important implications for the effective clinical management of persons with PTSD. Results are further discussed in the context of cognitive models of PTSD and the limitations of this literature.

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Cited by

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Authors
Scott, J. C., Matt, G. E., Wrocklage, K. M., Crnich, C., Jordan, J., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., & Schweinsburg, B. C.
Affiliations
  • Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
  • San Diego State University (US)
  • VA Connecticut Healthcare System (US)
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Bulletin
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2015-01
Volume
141
Issue
1
Pages
105-140
ISSN
  • 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1455
DOI
10.1037/a0038039
PMC
PMC4293317
OpenAlex
W1967097853
Cited by
513
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 11
FWCI
3.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Department of Veterans Affairs (1IK2CX000772, MH070345)
  • National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, neurocognitive function, cognitive impairment, verbal memory, verbal learning, processing speed, attention, working memory, executive function, visual memory, language, visuospatial ability, trauma exposure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, IQ differences, gender differences
MeSH terms
Adult, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Memory Disorders, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

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