Demographically Adjusted Normative Standards for New Indices of Performance on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT)
Abstract
The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) is a complex cognitive test sensitive to neuropsychological disorders. Its traditional Total Correct score seemingly reflects multiple cognitive abilities, including attention, working memory, and processing speed. Snyder, Aniskiewicz, and Snyder (1993) modified scoring guidelines for the PASAT to give credit only for "dyads." This method emphasizes working memory operations and has been found superior to Total Correct scores at detecting cognitive impairments in several investigations. To date, normative standards are not available for the "dyad" scoring method, thus limiting its utility in clinical and research settings. The current investigation provides demographically adjusted normative data based on a sample of 500 healthy adults of varied age, education, sex, and race (African American and Caucasian) for various indices of performance on the PASAT, including "Total Dyads" obtained across the four PASAT trials. In addition, we describe and present normative data on four other indices designed to quantify various aspects of performance on the PASAT: invalid responding, effects of varied information processing speed demands, and tendency to omit responses and to make arithmetic errors.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The PASAT is a serial-addition task used to assess working memory, divided attention, and information-processing speed.
“It is a serial-addition task used to assess working memory, divided attention, and informationprocessing speed (Gonzalez et al., 2006;Strauss, Sherman, & Spreen, 2006).”
From The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks (2011) · cites this paper as Gonzalez et al., 2006
Cites
Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control
Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (1999) · Cited by 2,404 · see citing works
Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion
Gronwall, D. M. A. (1977) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367 · Cited by 2,395 · see citing works
Regression Using Fractional Polynomials of Continuous Covariates: Parsimonious Parametric Modelling
Royston, P. J., & Altman, D. G. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.2307/2986270 · Cited by 1,797 · see citing works
(1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
DELAYED RECOVERY OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION AFTER MINOR HEAD INJURY
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91939-4 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Neurobehavioral Consequences of Closed Head Injury
Rodnitzky, R. L., & Meier, M. (1982) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1982.00510220073030 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Acculturation, reading level, and neuropsychological test performance among African American elders
Manly, J. J., Byrd, D. A., Touradji, P., & Stern, Y. (2004) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an1101_5 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Neurobehavioral consequences of closed head injury
Hermann, B. P. (1983) · Applied Research in Mental Retardation · doi:10.1016/0270-3092(83)90041-3 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
A strategy for modelling the effect of a continuous covariate in medicine and epidemiology.
Royston, P. (2000) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/1097-0258(20000730)19:14 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Manly, J., Miller, S. W., Heaton, R., Byrd, D., Reilly, J., Velasquez, R., Saccuzzo, D. P., & Grant, I. (1998) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617798002914 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationThe paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT): norms for age, education, and ethnicity
Diehr, M. C., Heaton, R. K., Miller, W., & Grant, I. (1998) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/107319119800500407 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationManly, J. J., Miller, S. W., Heaton, R. K., Byrd, D., Reilly, J. S., Velasquez, R. J., Saccuzzo, D. P., & Igor Grant, A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationFisk, J. D., & Archibald, C. J. (2001) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617701733103 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Literacy and cognitive change among ethnically diverse elders
Manly, J., Byrd, D., Touradji, P., Sanchez, D., & Stern, Y. (2004) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207590344000286 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Paced auditory serial addition test: Adult norms and moderator variables
Wiens, A. N., Fuller, K. H., & Crossen, J. R. (1997) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639708403737 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Extended norms for the paced auditory serial addition task
Roman, D. D., Edwall, G. E., Buchanan, R. J., & Patton, J. H. (1991) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854049108401840 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Shucard, J. L., Parrish, J. B., Shucard, D. W., McCabe, D. C., Benedict, R. H. B., & Ambrus, J. L. (2004) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617704101057 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pacing and performance on a serial addition task.
Sampson, H. (1956) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0083679 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Snyder, P. J., Cappelleri, J. C., Archibald, C. J., & Fisk, J. D. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.15.4.617 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Modeling the effects of continuous risk factors
Royston, P. J. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(99)00163-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Snyder, P. J., & CappelJeri, J. C. (2001) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(01)80084-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0104-1 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Etnier, J. L., & NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro (2009) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Brunoni, A. R., Boggio, P. S., Raedt, R. D., Benseñor, I. M., Lotufo, P. A., Namur, V., Valiengo, L. D. C. L., & Vanderhasselt, M. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.026 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison Processing Speed Test: Normative Data
Carlozzi, N. E., Beaumont, J. L., Tulsky, D. S., & Gershon, R. C. (2015) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acv031 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Race-Norming of Neuropsychological Tests
Gasquoine, P. (2009) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9090-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Frontal Assessment Battery 20 years later: normative data for a shortened version (FAB15)
Ilardi, C. R., Chieffi, S., Scuotto, C., Gamboz, N., Galeone, F., Sannino, M., Garofalo, E., Marra, M. L., Ronga, B., & Iavarone, A. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05544-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Normative Data Estimation in Neuropsychological Tests: A Systematic Review
delCacho-Tena, A., Christ, B. R., Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C., Perrin, P. B., Rivera, D., & Olabarrieta‐Landa, L. (2023) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acad084 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Real-World Impact of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment
Casaletto, K. B., Weber, E., Iudicello, J. E., & Woods, S. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-98188-8_10 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationCanadian Normative Data for Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis
Walker, L. A. S., Marino, D. P., Berard, J. A., Feinstein, A., Morrow, S. A., & Cousineau, D. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2017.199 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The paced auditory serial addition test for working memory assessment: Psychometric properties
Nikravesh, M., Jafari, Z., Mehrpour, M., Kazemi, R., Shavaki, Y. A., Hossienifar, S., & Azizi, M. P. (2017) · Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · doi:10.14196/mjiri.31.61 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Focused and Sustained Attention
Cohen, R. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72639-7_6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bambrah, V., Hsu, C., Toplak, M. E., & Eastwood, J. D. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.102812 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Herron, T. J., Yund, E. W., & Reed, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178148 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wright, D. W., Goldstein, F. C., Kilgo, P., Brumfield, J. R., Ravichandran, T., Danielson, M. L., & LaPlaca, M. C. (2010) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02324.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Paced auditory serial addition test: National normative data
Özakbaş, S., Çınar, B. P., Gürkan, M. A., Öztürk, O. C., Öz, D., & Kurşun, B. B. (2015) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.11.014 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Demographic Adjustments to WAIS–IV/WMS–IV Norms
Holdnack, J. A., & Weiss, L. G. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386934-0.00004-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Berard, J. A., & Walker, L. A. S. (2021) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000268 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Tse, T., Li, T., & Zoghi, M. (2023) · Advances in Rehabilitation · doi:10.5114/areh.2023.125460 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Association Between Dyads and Correct Responses on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT)
González, R., Miller, S. W., Carey, C. L., Woods, S. P., Rippeth, J. D., Schweinsburg, B. C., Norman, M. A., Martin, E. M., & Heaton, R. K. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191106286567 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAfzali, A., Hatef, B., Sahraei, H., Meftahi, G. H., Khaleghi, A., & Jahromi, G. P. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04211-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effects of Tesamorelin on Neurocognitive Impairment in Persons With HIV and Abdominal Obesity
Ellis, R. J., Vaida, F., Hu, K., Dubé, M. P., Henry, B. L., Chow, F. C., Heaton, R. K., Lee, D., & Sattler, F. R. (2025) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaf012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationPaced Auditory Serial Attention Test
Correia, S., & Figueroa, C. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1319-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Appropriate Screening Tests to Assess Post-COVID-19 Cognitive Dysfunction in Aeromedical Settings
Beka, S. G., Griffiths, R. F., Myers, J. A., & Skirrow, P. M. (2025) · Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance · doi:10.3357/amhp.6500.2025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Assessment with African American Clients
Leany, B. D., Benuto, L. T., & Morra, L. F. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1004-5_19
Paced Auditory Serial Attention Test
Correia, S., & Figueroa, C. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1319
- Authors
- Gonzalez, R., Grant, I., Miller, S. W., Taylor, M. J., Schweinsburg, B. C., Carey, C. L., Woods, S. P., Norman, M. A., Rippeth, J. D., Martin, E. M., & Heaton, R. K.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Venue
- The Clinical Neuropsychologist
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 396-413
- ISSN
- 0920-1637 (ISSN-L)
- 1385-4046
- 1744-4144
- OpenAlex
- W1996160772
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Clinical Neuropsychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH049550, MH-62512, MH049550, P30MH062512)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P01DA012065)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, reference values, working memory, processing speed, attention, demographic adjustment, omission errors, calculation errors, cognitive impairment detection, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Abstracting and Indexing, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Auditory Perception, Black or African American, Demography, Educational Status, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Reference Standards, Reproducibility of Results, Black People, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
