Convergent validity and stability of secure base script knowledge from young adulthood to midlife
Open accessAbstract
Attachment theory posits that early experiences with caregivers are made portable across development in the form of mental representations of attachment experiences. These representations, the secure base script included, are thought to be stable across time. Here, we present data from two studies. Study 1 (N = 141) examined the degree of empirical convergence between the two major measures of secure base script knowledge in Study 2, we examined stability of secure base script knowledge from late adolescence to midlife combining data from both a high- and normative-risk cohort (N = 113). Study 1 revealed evidence for convergent validity (r = .50) and Study 2 revealed moderate rank-order stability (r = .43), which was not moderated by cohort risk status. Results support the validity of secure base script knowledge assessments and prediction that attachment representations show moderate stability across early adulthood and into midlife.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The secure base script task correlates highly and significantly (r = 0.50) with attachment interviews considered valid in attachment research.
“This measure correlates highly and significantly (r = 0.50) with attachment interviews that are considered valid in the field of attachment research [46, 47].”
Cites
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 · Cited by 82,194 · see citing works
(2013) · Cited by 44,563 · see citing works
(1969) · Cited by 18,340 · see citing works
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,570 · see citing works
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Bowlby (e.g., Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973, 1980) argued that early experience with primary caregivers shapes our expectations for support during exploration and comfort during times of distress.”
BackgroundHandbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-1841 · Cited by 5,386 · see citing works
Carpenter, M. A., Cardon, M. S., McMullen, J. S., & Shepherd, D. A. (2011) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781849807630.00018 · Cited by 5,213 · see citing works
Security in Infancy, Childhood, and Adulthood: A Move to the Level of Representation
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/3333827 · Cited by 4,567 · see citing works
Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-4135 · Cited by 3,818 · see citing works
Kronenfeld, D. B. (1978) · Language · doi:10.2307/412850 · Cited by 3,094 · see citing works
Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures
Hunt, E. B., Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1979) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421499 · Cited by 2,967 · see citing works
The Psychology of Life Stories
McAdams, D. P. (2001) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.100 · Cited by 2,808 · see citing works
Attachment as an Organizational Construct
Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128475 · Cited by 1,606 · see citing works
Neural plasticity in the ageing brain
Burke, S. N., & Barnes, C. A. (2005) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1809 · Cited by 1,600 · see citing works
Attachment Security in Infancy and Early Adulthood: A Twenty-Year Longitudinal Study
Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00176 · Cited by 1,228 · see citing works
Chris Fraley, R. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_03 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Handbook of Infant Development.
Lilleskov, R. K. (1983) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306518303100327 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
The Stability of Personality: Observations and Evaluations
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1994) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770693 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Schank, R. C. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527920 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Understanding the Impact of Convergent Validity on Research Results
Carlson, K. D., & Herdman, A. O. (2012) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428110392383 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Reconsidering the Trade-off Between Expertise and Flexibility: a Cognitive Entrenchment Perspective
Dane, E. (2010) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.35.4.zok579 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Weinfield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00178 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Waters, H. S., & Waters, E. (2006) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730600856016 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
(2008) · Cited by 525 · see citing works
A psychometric study of the Adult Attachment Interview: Reliability and discriminant validity.
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.5.870 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
The Reliability and Stability of Individual Differences in Infant-Mother Attachment
Waters, E. (1978) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128714 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Meta-analytic evidence for stability in attachments from infancy to early adulthood
Pinquart, M., Feußner, C., & Ahnert, L. (2013) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.746257 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
New perspectives on attachment relations: Security, communication, and internal working models.
Bretherton, I. (1987) · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., Gao, Y., Fyffe, C., Pan, H. S., & Waters, E. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.679 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Stability and Change in Attachment Security Across Adolescence
Allen, J. P., McElhaney, K. B., Kuperminc, G. P., & Jodl, K. M. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00817.x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Stability of attachment representations: The transition to marriage.
Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., & Waters, E. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.4.467 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
IV. STABILITY OF ATTACHMENT SECURITY FROM INFANCY TO LATE ADOLESCENCE
Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., Booth‐LaForce, C., Fraley, R. C., Owen, M. T., Cox, M. J., & Burchinal, M. (2014) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12113 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationSteele, R. D., Waters, T. E. A., Bost, K. K., Vaughn, B. E., Truitt, W., Waters, H. S., Booth‐LaForce, C., & Roisman, G. I. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037992 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal secure base scripts, children's attachment security, and mother – child narrative styles
Bost, K. K., Shin, N., McBride, B. A., Brown, G. L., Vaughn, B. E., Coppola, G., Veríssimo, M., Monteiro, L., & Korth, B. B. (2006) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730600856131 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Coppola, G., Vaughn, B. E., Cassibba, R., & Costantini, A. (2006) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730600856065 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2009) · Encyclopedia of Human Relationships · doi:10.4135/9781412958479.n11 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The secure base script concept: an overview
Waters, T. E., & Roisman, G. I. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.08.002 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationThe study of human infant attachment: A procedural critique.
Masters, J. C., & Wellman, H. M. (1974) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0036184 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The development of the person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood
Kim‐Cohen, J. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01794.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Waters, T. E. A., Ruiz, S. K., & Roisman, G. I. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12571 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationSchoenmaker, C., Juffer, F., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Linting, M., van der Voort, A., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1037315 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Raby, K. L., Cicchetti, D., Carlson, E. A., Egeland, B. R., & Collins, W. A. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12093 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Vaughn, B. E., Coppola, G., Veríssimo, M., Monteiro, L., dos Santos, A. J., Posada, G., Carbonell, O. A., Plata, S. J., Waters, H. S., Bost, K. K., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025407073574 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Waters, T. E. A., Brockmeyer, S. L., & Crowell, J. A. (2013) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.782657 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationBooth‐LaForce, C., Groh, A. M., Burchinal, M., Roisman, G. I., Owen, M. T., & Cox, M. J. (2014) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12114 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationHuth-Bocks, A. C., Muzik, M., Beeghly, M., Earls, L., & Stacks, A. M. (2014) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.967787 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Waters, T. E. A., Raby, K. L., Ruiz, S. K., Martin, J., & Roisman, G. I. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000607 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationVaughn, B. E., Veríssimo, M., Coppola, G., Bost, K. K., Shin, N., McBride, B. A., Krzysik, L., & Korth, B. B. (2006) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730600856024 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Monteiro, L., Veríssimo, M., Vaughn, B. E., dos Santos, A. J., & Bost, K. K. (2008) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730802113711 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Vaughn, B. E., Waters, T. E. A., Steele, R. D., Roisman, G. I., Bost, K. K., Truitt, W., Waters, H. S., & Booth‐LaForce, C. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1162180 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationAttachment security moderates the link between adverse childhood experiences and cellular aging
Dagan, O., Asok, A., Steele, H., Steele, M., & Bernard, K. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001705 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationHaydon, K. C., Roisman, G. I., Owen, M. T., et al. (2014) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12116 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationWaters, T. E. A., Facompré, C. R., de Walle, M. V., Dujardin, A., Winter, S. D., Heylen, J., Santens, T., Verhees, M. W. F. T., Finet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000798 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationSecure base scripted knowledge and preschoolers’ social competence in samples from Mexico and Peru
Nóblega, M., Bárrig-Jó, P., Gonzalez, L., Fourment, K., Quiroz, F. S., Vizuet, A., & Posada, G. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1575548 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Posada, G., Vaughn, B. E., Veríssimo, M., Lu, T. R., Nichols, O. I., El‐Sheikh, M., Trumbell, J. M., Anaya, L. Y., & Kaloustian, G. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1575547 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Groh, A. M., & Haydon, K. C. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617730320 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chen, C. K., Waters, H. S., Hartman, M., Zimmerman, S. I., Miklowitz, D. J., & Waters, E. (2013) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.782658 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., Haydon, K. C., Bost, K. K., McElwain, N. L., Garcia, L., & Hester, C. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000881 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationShin, N. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1575550 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fernandes, M., Veríssimo, M., dos Santos, A. J., Fernandes, C., Antunes, M., & Vaughn, B. E. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1575549 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Martin, J., Anderson, J. E., Groh, A. M., Waters, T. E. A., Young, E. S., Johnson, W. F., Shankman, J. L., Eller, J., Fleck, C. R., Steele, R. D., et al. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000579 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationVaughn, B. E., Posada, G., Veríssimo, M., et al. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1575546 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
VII. MATERNAL SECURE BASE SCRIPT KNOWLEDGE AND JUDGMENTS OF MOTHER–CHILD INTERACTIONS
Waters, H. S., Corcoran, D., & Waters, T. E. A. (2018) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12394 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bockting, C., Bosmans, G., Bergers, N., Gavan, L., Hiligsmann, M., de Beurs, D., Molenberghs, G., Wijnen, B., Lokkerbol, J., & van der Spek, N. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08499-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Waters, T. E. A., Facompré, C. R., Dagan, O., Martin, J., Johnson, W. F., Young, E. S., Shankman, J., Lee, Y., Simpson, J. A., & Roisman, G. I.
- Affiliations
- New York University Abu Dhabi (AE)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- York University (CA)
- Widener University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Maine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Waters, Theodore E. A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Attachment & Human Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-10-12
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 740-760
- ISSN
- 1461-6734 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2988
- OpenAlex
- W3092200832
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Attachment & Human Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG039453)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (F32 HD078250)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- secure base script, attachment representations, convergent validity, rank-order stability, attachment theory, secure base, high-risk cohort, early adulthood, midlife, late adolescence
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Object Attachment, Caregivers, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review