Smoking topography: Reliability and validity in dependent smokers
Abstract
Data from two studies were analyzed to determine whether smoking through the mouthpiece of a topography unit yields consistent measures over time and to verify that smoking through a mouthpiece results in a similar degree of smoke exposure as conventional smoking. In both studies, subjects smoked their usual brand of cigarette ad libitum. In study A, subjects (n=7) smoked through a mouthpiece on 4 separate experimental days. In study B, subjects (n=10) smoked on 2 separate days: Once conventionally and once through a mouthpiece. In both studies, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and physiological effects (heart rate and blood pressure) were measured before and after smoking. In study B, plasma nicotine concentrations also were measured. In study A, puff volume, puff duration, interpuff interval, and maximum puff velocity averaged 30.8 ml,.9 s, 19.9 s, and 44.6 ml/s, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients computed for puff volume (0.66), puff duration (0.75), and maximum puff velocity (0.68) indicated that these measures showed good reliability. In study B, smoking through the mouthpiece yielded similar topographical (time to smoke and number of puffs per cigarette) measures as conventional smoking. Also similar were changes in biochemical values: Plasma nicotine (18.5 ng/ml vs. 25.5 ng/ml), exhaled CO (4.6 ppm vs. 5.1 ppm), and heart rate (8.6 beats/min vs. 7.4 beats/min) for conventional and topography mouthpiece smoking conditions, respectively. Topography measures did not differ significantly between the two studies. Overall, the data from these two small-sample studies suggest that smoking topography provides a valid and reliable index of conventional smoking and an indirect measure of smoke exposure.
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Smoking topography is a reliable and valid index of changes in smoking behaviour.
“In addition, smoking topography (i.e. the frequency and duration of puffs) is also a reliable and valid index of changes in smoking behaviour (Lee et al. 2003).”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Lee et al. 2003
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Benam, K. H., Novak, R., Nawroth, J., Hirano-Kobayashi, M., Ferrante, T. C., Choe, Y., Prantil-Baun, R., Weaver, J. C., Bahinski, A., Parker, K. K., et al. (2016) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2016.10.003 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Puffing Topography and Nicotine Intake of Electronic Cigarette Users
Behar, R. Z., Hua, M., & Talbot, P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117222 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“A second study showed that the reliability of topography devices, such as the CReSS, is not affected by the attachment of a mouthpiece adapter [28], which is in agreement with our study.”
ResultDelay discounting predicts cigarette smoking in a laboratory model of abstinence reinforcement
Dallery, J., & Raiff, B. R. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0627-5 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“The 30-s interval was chosen because it approximates the average inter-puff interval found in a previous study on smoking topography (Lee et al. 2003).”
The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system
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“Both cigarette- and hookah-smoking topography serves as an indirect measure of smoke and chemical exposure [12, 14].”
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“Although Lee et al. (2003) reported results, from a small sample of non-psychiatric smokers, which indicated that the CReSS did not alter the manner in which cigarettes were smoked, it remains to be determined whether the topography measures reported in the current study are valid measures of normal smoking behavior i…”
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Nicotine Metabolite Ratio Predicts Smoking Topography and Carcinogen Biomarker Level
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“Although puff volume is reliable and stable (19, 20), repeated assessments, rather than the single assessment here, may better reflect daily smoking patterns.”
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“These studies have conducted repeated measures on different days, which assesses both intralaboratory and intraindividual variation measured in the laboratory, and these have generally shown good reproducibility (53, 76, 81).”
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Perkins, K. A., & Karelitz, J. L. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3054-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“All smoking was done via the portable Clinical Research Support System ( " CReSS Pocket " ; Borgwaldt KC, Inc., Richmond VA; www.plowshare.com), which assesses puff volume (in ml; Lee et al. 2003; Perkins et al. 2012 ).”
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“The smoking topography device is often used in smoking behavior research (26, 27) and is a reliable measure of smoking behaviors (28, 29).”
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“Our results with nearly 100 subjects confirm the topography findings of Shahab et al. (2008), across just two sessions, and of Lee et al. (2003), with only seven smokers, and extend this reliability to self-reported reward (liking) and perception (how strong) ratings of smoking.”
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“This study aims to advance knowledge on RNC use and exposure and provide data addressing existing gaps through: (i) the use of multiple measures of smoking behavior, including smoking topography, an objective measure of puffing behavior (19); (ii) the use of a comprehensive panel of harm exposure measures; (iii) a bas…”
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“Although assessments across multiple sessions would be desirable, recent research has reported a significant within-subject correlation for several smoking topography measures in participants who were asked to smoke different cigarettes on multiple days (27).”
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Self-citationDo smokers devaluate smoking cues after go/no-go training?
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“Although a previous study using this device concluded that it provides a reliable and valid index of conventional smoking (Lee et al., 2003), some degree of reactivity cannot be excluded especially since participants only used the device for a total of two cigarettes.”
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“Although many studies have looked at the relationship between smoking topography characteristics and post-smoking nicotine levels in blood (11, 12), the gold standard biomarker of daily nicotine exposure is to measure the sum of nicotine and its (1)Center for Tobacco Control, Research, and Education, University of Cal…”
BackgroundCarbon monoxide breath analyzers and its role in tobacco cessation: A narrative review of literature
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“Second, each level of the game was designed for casual gameplay, lasting approximately five-minutes, to reflect how long it might normally take to smoke a cigarette [31].”
BackgroundSmoking Behavior and Smoke Constituents from Cigarillos and Little Cigars
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“Although this device uses a mouthpiece, cigarette smoking has been shown not to change as a function of smoking through a mouthpiece (33, 34).”
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“The device provides a reliable and valid means of assessing smoking behavior (Lee et al., 2003; Strasser et al., 2005).”
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“A complex picture has emerged from 30 years of smoking topographic studies (Lee et al., 2003), demonstrating considerable intra- and inter-subject variability, including by gender (Battig et al., 1982; Eissenberg et al., 1999; Perkins et al., 1999).”
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“2 seconds using "puff clean up" methods described elsewhere (14).”
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“This device has been previously used in our laboratory to assess smoking behavior (5, 9), has been shown to be a valid and reliable means to measure smoking behavior (26), and was calibrated before each session.”
MethodFactors affecting exposure to nicotine and carbon monoxide in adult cigarette smokers
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Self-citationCashless gambling and the pain of paying: effects of monetary format on slot machine gambling
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“Inspired by behavioral research on the ‘micro analysis’ of alcohol consumption and smoking (Gust et al. 1983; Davidson et al. 1999; Lee et al. 2003), this was expected to be a more sensitive analysis, taking into account the number of successive losses, the size of any previous win, and the current in-game balance.”
MethodThe effect of cigarette burn time on exposure to nicotine and carbon monoxide in adult smokers
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Nicotine Addiction: Past and Present
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Bergeria, C. L., Heil, S. H., Davis, D. R., Streck, J. M., Sigmon, S. C., Bunn, J. Y., Tidey, J. W., Arger, C. A., Reed, D. D., Gallagher, T. J., et al. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Reminders of a stigmatized status might help smokers quit.
Helweg‐Larsen, M., Pyakuryal, M., & Pisinger, C. H. (2019) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000197 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Computation of Cigarette Smoke Exposure Metrics From Breathing
Belsare, P. V., Senyurek, V. Y., Imtiaz, M. H., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2019.2958843 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“More than 30 studies that have been conducted using the CReSS pocket device [15], which appears to provide a valid and reliable index of smoking topography and an indirect measure of smoke exposure [16].”
BackgroundCole, C. A., Powers, S. E., Tomko, R. L., Froeliger, B., & Valafar, H. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/20464 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Smoking topography has been used to refer to a number of specific aspects of smoking behavior such as puff volume, maximum puff velocity, IPI, PD, number of puffs per cigarette, and total smoking duration.[25] In this study, we adopted a condensed set of smoking characteristics, namely IPI and PD, as the topography of…”
BackgroundMethodSmoking topography and trajectory of asthmatic adolescents requesting cessation treatment
ZIMMERMAN, D. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.03.032 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Serfaty, S., Gale, G., Beadman, M., Froeliger, B., & Kamboj, S. K. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0767-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Smoking Topography in Korean American and White Men: Preliminary Findings
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“The validity and reliability of these measures through the CReSS system have been validated by Lee and colleagues [49].”
Smoking topography and outcome expectancies among individuals with schizotypy
Stewart, D. W., Vinci, C., Adams, C. E., Cohen, A. S., & Copeland, A. L. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.032 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The CReSS smoking topography system has good reliability and validity and smoking behaviors do not appear to change as a function of smoking through a plastic mouthpiece (Lee et al., 2003 ).”
Bergeria, C. L., Heil, S. H., Bunn, J. Y., Sigmon, S. C., & Higgins, S. T. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx148 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Davis, D. R., Parker, M. A., Villanti, A. C., et al. (2019) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz134 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Alharbi, R., Shahi, S., Cruz, S., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3569460 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Collectively, these topography measures provide a valid and reliable index of conventional smoking exposure [25].”
BackgroundResponse to Reduced Nicotine Content in Vulnerable Populations: Effect of Menthol Status
Davis, D. R., Miller, M. E., Streck, J. M., Bergeria, C. L., Sigmon, S. C., Tidey, J. W., Heil, S. H., Gaalema, D. E., Villanti, A. C., Stitzer, M. L., et al. (2019) · Tobacco Regulatory Science · doi:10.18001/trs.5.2.5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mercincavage, M., Karelitz, J. L., Kreider, C. L., et al. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108623 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Development and Characterisation of a Smoking Behaviour Measurement System
Vas, C. A., Yurteri, C. Ü., Dickens, C. J., et al. (2015) · Beiträge zur Tabakforschung international · doi:10.1515/cttr-2015-0010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Plain packaging of cigarettes and smoking behavior: study protocol for a randomized controlled study
Maynard, O., Leonards, U., Attwood, A. S., Bauld, L., Hogarth, L., & Munafo, M. R. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-252 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Benam, K. H. (2018) · Applied In Vitro Toxicology · doi:10.1089/aivt.2017.0030 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“20,21 Organs-on-Chips Advances in tissue microengineering have made it possible to create biomimetic microfluidic cell culture devices, known as ‘‘organs-on-chips,’’ that are the size of a flash memory drive and contain micrometer-sized hollow channels lined by living cells.”
Response to reduced nicotine content cigarettes among smokers with chronic health conditions
Streck, J. M., Bergeria, C. L., Parker, M. A., Davis, D. R., DeSarno, M., Sigmon, S. C., Hughes, J. R., Gaalema, D. E., Heil, S. H., Tidey, J. W., et al. (2018) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“, cigarettes smoked as participants desired and as they would smoke their own brand cigarette) using a CReSS Smoking device (Clinical Research Support System, CReSS) (Lee et al., 2003) which recorded measures of smoking topography.”
MethodGaalema, D. E., Tidey, J. W., Davis, D. R., Sigmon, S. C., Heil, S. H., Stitzer, M. L., DeSarno, M., Diaz, V., Hughes, J. R., & Higgins, S. T. (2019) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz139 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Oldham, M. J., Plunkett, S. E., Fisher, M. T., et al. (2014) · Beiträge zur Tabakforschung international · doi:10.2478/cttr-2014-0004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Associations between dieting and smoking-related behaviors in young women
Jenks, R. A., & Higgs, S. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.016 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pickworth, W. B., Lee, E. M., Abreu, M. E., et al. (2004) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.01.022 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationVariability in Puff Topography and Exhaled CO in Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking
Kim, H., Brinkman, M. C., Sharma, E., et al. (2016) · Tobacco Regulatory Science · doi:10.18001/trs.2.4.2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Data Analysis Automated analysis of the continuous flow rate curve was conducted as previously described,23 and the following topography and CO measures were examined: (1) puff duration (s), (2) puff volume (L), (3) interpuff interval (s), (4) puff mean flow rate (L/min), (5) puff peak flow rate (L/min) (6) frequency…”
Method
- Authors
- Pickworth, W., Lee, E., Malson, J., Moolchan, E., & Waters, A.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pickworth, Wallace
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-10-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 673-679
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- OpenAlex
- W2034220105
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA084718, P50-CA84718)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- smoking topography, cigarette smoking, puff volume, puff duration, exhaled carbon monoxide, plasma nicotine, heart rate, blood pressure, smoke exposure, reliability statistics, validity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Carbon Monoxide, Equipment Design, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, Sensitivity and Specificity, Smoking, Tobacco Use Disorder, Reproducibility of Results
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