Cited by 239Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesBehavioral Health and Interventions

Does smoking reduction increase future cessation and decrease disease risk? A qualitative review

Hughes, John, Carpenter, Matthew·2006·Nicotine & Tobacco Research

Abstract

This review examines whether reduction in smoking among smokers not currently interested in quitting (a) undermines or promotes future smoking cessation or (b) decreases the risks of developing smoking-related diseases. Systematic computer searches and other methods located 19 studies examining reduction and subsequent cessation and 10 studies examining reduction and disease risk. Because of the heterogeneity of methods and results, a meta-analysis could not be undertaken. None of 19 studies found that reduction undermined future cessation, and 16 found that reduction was associated with greater future cessation, including the two randomized trials of reduction versus nonreduction. The 10 trials of disease risk found conflicting results, and none was an adequate test. We conclude that (a) smoking reduction increases the probability of future cessation and (b) whether smoking reduction decreases the risks of smoking-related diseases has not been adequately tested.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/14622200600789726

Cites

76 of 76 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Other studies have shown either an improved or no effect on disease risk with cigarette reduction.

    “Other studies have shown either an improved or no effect on disease risk with cigarette reduction (131).”

    From Tobacco addiction (2008) · cites this paper as [131]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 78 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hughes, J., & Carpenter, M.
Affiliations
  • University of Vermont (US)
  • Medical University of South Carolina (US)
Corresponding author
Hughes, John
Venue
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Published
2006-12-01
Volume
8
Issue
6
Pages
739-749
ISSN
  • 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-994X
OpenAlex
W2021516778
Cited by
238
References
78
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
FWCI
1.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-11557, R01DA011557, DA00490)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords
smoking reduction, smoking cessation, smoking-related diseases, disease risk, nicotine dependence, tobacco control
MeSH terms
Smoking Prevention, Attitude to Health, Coronary Disease, Humans, Motivation, Smoking, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking Cessation, Risk Reduction Behavior, Harm Reduction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review