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Cited by 0Sport and Mega-Event ImpactsSports, Gender, and SocietyPhysical Education and Sports Studies

Fan zones at FIFA World Cup 2026: balancing engagement, security, and profitability

Open access
Sebire, Jacqueline, Cowcill, Ben·2026·Soccer & Society
DOI 10.1080/14660970.2026.2640509
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Abstract

Fan zones have become an integral feature of major football tournaments, including the FIFA World Cup, providing spaces for collective viewing, entertainment, and commercial activity. This paper examines how fan zones can balance fan engagement, safety, and profitability. Using the Bolton Wanderers Football Club fan zone (2022–2023) as a case study, the study identifies practical lessons in spatial design, behaviour management, and the creation of inclusive atmospheres. Although based on a club-level example, the analysis considers how these insights can inform planning for FIFA World Cup 2026 fan zones across the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Particular attention is given to issues of proportional security, crowd behaviour, and the risks of excessive commercialisation. The findings suggest that well-designed fan zones can strengthen collective identity and contribute to event legacy, indicating that community-centred approaches may enhance the experience and inclusivity of large-scale international tournaments.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/14660970.2026.2640509

Cites

50 of 50 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 28 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    The strategic location and self-contained design of the fan zone are crucial for enhancing security.

    “The strategic location and self-contained design of the fan zone are crucial for enhancing the security.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The fan zone was versatile beyond match days, used for private functions and concerts.

    “The versatility of the fan zone beyond match days was highlighted as a significant aspect.”
    • Also stated in: § Commercialization and profitability · plain
      “Participant 1 (P1) and Participant 4 (P4) mentioned its popularity for private functions and alternate uses, such as during concerts: ' . . .use out of match days; it was used at the recent Pink concerts . . .' (P4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Managing large crowds in the fan zone posed significant challenges, especially during peak times.

    “Managing large crowds in the fan zone posed significant challenges, especially during peak times.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Multicultural food offerings foster inclusivity in the fan zone.

    “Participant 2 (P2) highlighted the multicultural offerings that fostered inclusivity: 'So the Thai offering, the Indian offering, the pizza offering, you know, so you've got that mix in that diversity. ..' (P2).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The strategic choice to offer diverse multicultural food options fosters a more inclusive atmosphere.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Fan zone design and layout are pivotal or critical for creating an inclusive, enjoyable, positive fan experience.

    “The fan zone's design and layout were pivotal in creating an inclusive and enjoyable environment.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
      “The design layout of the fan zone is a critical factor in its success at BWFC.”
    • Also stated in: § Fan engagement · hedged
      “These insights indicate that thoughtful design and layout are crucial for creating a positive fan experience, aligning with other studies of fan engagement in sports settings.93”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] 93. Barnes, D. 'Wanderers Issue Statement on Fan Behaviour Amid Growing Disorder.' The Bolton News, 2023. https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/23265983.bolton-wanderers-statement- fan-behaviour-amid-ongoing-disorder/ BBC Sport. 'Relegated Bolton Enter Administration''. BBC Sport, May 13, 2019. https://www.bbc. com/sport/football/48257398 (accessed December 22, 2023).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 35
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Emotional and spatial connections were built through local vendors, family areas, and more visible security, helping reduce tensions and create a welcoming environment.

    “These emotional and spatial connections were built through local vendors, family areas, and more visible security, helping reduce tensions and create a more welcoming environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Diverse food and beverage options are pivotal to fan zone success and enhance the fan experience.

    “Diverse food and beverage options are pivotal to the success of a fan zone.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The variety of food and beverage options significantly enhances the fan zone experience.”
    • Also stated in: § Fan engagement · plain
      “This variety not only enhances the fan experience but also reflects broader trends towards multiculturalism and inclusivity in sports events.94”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [94] 94. Bennett, G., R.K. Henson, and J. Zhang. 'Generation Y's Perceptions of the Action Sports Industry Segment'. Journal of Sport Management 17, no. 2 (2003): 95-115. doi:10.1123/jsm.17.2.95 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The fan zone was rented out for private functions, demonstrating commercial success.

    “Participant 1 highlighted its success, stating, ' . . .It is obviously well regarded because we now rent it out for private functions.So, we know that works dos were held there in the summer'.(P1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The fan zone disrupted traditional pub-centred pre- and post-match routines, prompting fans to arrive earlier and leave later.

    “The Fan zone disrupted traditional pub-centred pre-and postmatch routines, prompting fans to arrive earlier and leave later.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Proportional security and effective stewarding were key to safety.

    “Proportional security and effective stewarding were key.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The fan zone set a positive tone before the game, influencing fans' moods during the match.

    “Participant 6 (P6) added the role of the Fan zone in setting a positive tone before the game, influencing fans' moods and impacting the fans during the match: ' . . .they go in there pregame . . .then people who've gone in there and had a good time, they then go into the stadium and that good time continues'.(P6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The fan zone challenges traditional stereotypes associated with football fans, having a family friendly and safe reputation.

    “The fan zone challenges the traditional stereotypes associated with football fans.Participants noted the family friendly and safe reputation of the Fan zone in contrast to the negative perceptions of football crowds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingnone given

    The fan zone reached maximum capacity too quickly on busy days, causing overcrowding or queuing and potentially limiting its effectiveness.

    “Overcrowding and capacity issues have been highlighted as potential drawbacks, with the fan zone reaching its maximum capacity too quickly on busy days, potentially limiting its effectiveness.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
      “The fan zone reached its maximum capacity too quickly on busy days, potentially limiting its effectiveness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Excessive security could hinder enjoyment in the fan zone.

    “Participants noted that excessive security could hinder enjoyment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The fan zone's significant strengths include positive economic impact on the local community and strategic involvement of local businesses.

    “The fan zone's significant strengths include its positive economic impact on the local community and the strategic involvement of local businesses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    There is a risk of over-policing and excessive surveillance in the fan zone, which can dampen atmosphere.

    “Despite these positive aspects, participants expressed concerns about the potential for over policing and excessive surveillance in the fan zone.”
    • Also stated in: § Safety and security · plain
      “Participant 5 (P5) noted: ' . . .there's always the risk of fans feeling like they are being watched too closely, which can dampen the atmosphere and make them feel less free to enjoy themselves'.(P5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    People who engage in antisocial behaviour do not go in the Fan zone.

    “Participant 1 (P1) emphasized: ' . . .people who engage in antisocial behaviour, don't go in the Fan zone, because it's not a place where you would go and commit antisocial behaviour'.(P1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The BWFC fan zone has effectively achieved fan engagement, safety, security, and commercial opportunities through strategic design, diverse offerings, efficient management, and community integration.

    “The semi-structured interviews indicated that BWFC's fan zone has effectively achieved fan engagement, safety, security, and commercial opportunities through strategic design, diverse offerings, efficient management, and community integration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The 'click in, click out' system was seen as fair and transparent, supporting crowd control without creating a hostile or over-surveilled environment.

    “The 'click in, click out' system was seen as fair and transparent, supporting crowd control without creating a hostile or over-surveilled environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Profitability was achieved without eroding fan trust.

    “Importantly, profitability was achieved without eroding fan trust, a balance that can be difficult to maintain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The fan zone significantly contributed to revenue generation and supported local businesses through commercial opportunities including food and beverage sales and private event rentals.

    “The fan zone significantly contributed to revenue generation and supported local businesses by providing commercial opportunities, including food and beverage sales, and private event rentals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The fan zone mitigated potential conflicts and promoted positive behaviours among fans.

    “The fan zone's role in mitigating potential conflicts and promoting positive behaviours among fans was emphasized by the participants.”
    • Also stated in: § Safety and security · boosted
      “And the Fan zone has definitely played its part within that'.(P2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The fan zone was effective in managing behaviour among regular fans, but issues with youths remained.

    “While the fan zone was effective in managing behaviour among regular fans, there were still issues with youths.”
    • Also stated in: § Safety and security · plain
      “You know, we still get the issues with the youths, but not as much.But that group wouldn't go to the Fan zone'.(P3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Effective stewarding practices and licencing conditions were important for safety in the fan zone.

    “Effective stewarding practices and licencing conditions were highlighted by Participant 1 (P1) and Participant 3 (P3): ' . . .we've reduced the amount of stewards on it from ten down to six.Because we, touch wood, haven't had any issues in there . . .they don't raise any concerns, there are no issues with the licence . . .' (P1).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “Effective stewarding and licencing practices were crucial for safety, with positive changes in stewarding building trust with authorities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    The fan zone reduced contact and crossover between groups, preventing conflict.

    “Participant 1 (P1) noted: ' . . . it reduces the amount of contact and crossover, so you don't have groups of males walking around winding each other up in the shirts which then goes into the stadium and creates further contact which leads to conflict which then leads to conflict when they come out . . .(P1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Local singers, bands, and a local radio station enrich the fan experience and enhance spectator satisfaction.

    “Local singers, bands, and a local radio station enrich the fan experience, creating an engaging atmosphere that enhances spectator satisfaction as previously noted by McLeod 95”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McLeod 95

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The fan zone served as a community hub, promoting a sense of belonging and ownership among fans.

    “The fan zone served as a community hub, promoting a sense of belonging and ownership among fans, with P1 describing it as a place that instilled responsibility and P6 likening it to a traditional corner pub where fans could find their regular spot and treat it like their home.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The 'click in, click out' system ensured capacity control and compliance with licencing conditions, contributing to a safe environment.

    “Participant 4 (P4) discussed the use of a 'click in, click out' system to ensure capacity and licencing conditions were met: ' . . . the facility itself it's licenced, its controlled very well by the stewards who are on site.It's a click in click out scenario where there's carefully controlled numbers in the Fan zone . . .' (P4).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The 'click in, click out' system ensured number control and compliance with licencing conditions, contributing to a safe environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Football stadia often appear hypermasculine and exclusionary, creating unsafe spaces for many potential fans.

    “However, football stadia often appear hypermasculine and exclusionary, creating unsafe spaces for many potential fans.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] 2. Richards & Parry, 'Beers and Blurred Boundaries: The Spatial and Gendered Organisation of Pre-match Venues for English Football Fans'; and Woods & Ludvigsen, 'The changing faces of fandom? Exploring emerging "online" and "offline" fandom spaces in the English Premier League'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Fan zones offer a solution by providing designated areas outside the stadiums for fans to watch matches, participate in activities, and immerse themselves in a controlled environment.

    “Fan zones offer a solution by providing designated areas outside the stadiums for fans to watch matches, participate in activities, and immerse themselves in a controlled environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] 3. Evans, 'In the Zone: Performing Fandom and Branding in Toronto's Jurassic Park'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    Effective fan engagement is vital for the success of major sporting events.

    “Effective fan engagement is vital for the success of major sporting events as it fosters a vibrant, inclusive atmosphere, builds a community, and enhances the overall fan experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] 1. GOV.UK, 'Football-Related Arrests and Banning Orders, England and Wales: 2021 to 2022'; and Wood, 'Fans Have to Change or They Will Rot Away at the Club They Love'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The BWFC Fan zone provides a unique opportunity to observe the dynamics of fan engagement, behavioural influence, and spatial design in a footballing context.

    “However, the BWFC Fan zone provides a unique opportunity to observe the dynamics of fan engagement, behavioural influence, and spatial design in a footballing context.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Policing can affect fan groups' behaviour, with robust or unnecessary or 'over' policing reducing the level of compliance with fans.

    “Policing can affect fan groups' behaviour, with robust or unnecessary or 'over' policing reducing the level of compliance with fans or the alternative of using subtle warnings to those responsible for achieving safety and security.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The BWFC case study serves as relevant research to examine how spatial and social strategies might translate to larger, transient fan environments at events such as the FIFA World Cup 2026.

    “Thus, while acknowledging the contextual differences, this case study serves as relevant research to examine how spatial and social strategies might translate to larger, transient fan environments at events such as the FIFA World Cup 2026.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UEFA Euro 2024 fan zones across 10 cities welcomed 3.3 million visitors and offered family-friendly activities and mini-pitch games.

    “The increasing evidence supporting the popularity of inclusive fan experiences continued with the UEFA Euro 2024 77 tournament staged in Germany where fan zones across 10 cities welcomed 3.3 million visitors and offered family-friendly activities and mini-pitch games, further enhancing the accessibility and appeal of major football tournaments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] 77. GOV.UK, 'Football-Related Arrests and Banning Orders, England and Wales: 2021 to 2022'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Following financial instability and episodes of fan disorder, the Fan zone at BWFC was purposefully developed to re-engage a disillusioned fan base and foster inclusive, regulated pre-match behaviours.

    “Following financial instability and episodes of fan disorder, 7 the Fan zone at BWFC was purposefully developed to re-engage a disillusioned fan base and foster inclusive, regulated pre-match behaviours.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] 7. Lee Ludvigsen, 'Between Security and Festivity: The Case of Fan Zones'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Fan zones have become crucial to sports mega events (SMEs), particularly football, since the early 2000's.

    “Fan zones have become crucial to sports mega events (SMEs), particularly football, since the early 2000's.69”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] 69. Rookwood, 'Diversifying the fan experience and securitising crowd management: a longitudinal analysis of fan park facilities at 15 football mega events between 2002 and 2019'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Entry to the FIFA fan zones in Doha 2022 was free and intended to offer an accessible alternative to ticketed matches.

    “Entry to the FIFA fan zones in Doha 2022 was free and intended to offer an accessible alternative to ticketed matches, where prices for premium categories reached $1,600 for the final.75”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] 75. Iles, 'Bolton Wanderers Fans Announce Plans for the Second Protest'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The operational and emotional objectives of the BWFC Fan zone resonate with the intended outcomes of World Cup Fan zones.

    “These operational and emotional objectives such as instilling a sense of community belonging and managing matchday routines resonate with the intended outcomes of World Cup Fan zones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The FIFA World Cup Fan FestivalTM in Doha during the 2022 tournament attracted 1.86 million attendees.

    “Attracting 1.86 million attendees, it offered live match broadcasts, diverse food courts, and performances by international and local artists.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] 74. BBC Sport, 'Relegated Bolton Enter Administration'; and talkSPORT, 'Bolton Officially Enter Administration and Will Start Next Season on 12 Points'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    While the principles of fan zone safety such as managing capacity and ensuring fan wellbeing are consistent, the methods can differ considerably depending on location, enclosure, and event scale.

    “Therefore while the principles of fan zone safety such as managing capacity and ensuring fan wellbeing are consistent, the methods can differ considerably depending on location, enclosure, and event scale.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Fans from different cultural and national backgrounds may have varying expectations and prior experiences of policing, security, and crowd management.

    “Fans from different cultural and national backgrounds may have varying expectations and prior experiences of policing, security, and crowd management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil highlighted the success of Fan zones.

    “The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil highlighted the success of Fan zones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [72] 72. Evans, 'In the Zone: Performing Fandom and Branding in Toronto's Jurassic Park'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [73] 73. BWFC, 'Home Page'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Perceptions of what constitutes 'robust', 'unnecessary', or 'proportionate' policing can differ significantly among those present.

    “As a result, perceptions of what constitutes 'robust', 'unnecessary', or 'proportionate' policing can differ significantly among those present.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Safety and security are influenced by the location of the Fan zone, with the selection of correct locations creating a sense of appropriation and ownership of the area by the fan, creating a self-policing atmosphere.

    “So, it can be seen that safety and security are influenced by the location of the Fan zone, with the selection of correct locations creating a sense of appropriation and ownership of the area by the fan, creating a self-policing atmosphere.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fan zones provide pre-match and match entertainment, diverse food and beverages, socializing areas, live entertainment, and large TV screens for live game viewing.

    “These spaces provide pre-match and match entertainment, diverse food and beverages, socializing areas, live entertainment, and large TV screens for live game viewing.71”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] 71. Gaffney, 'A World Cup for Whom? The Impact of the 2014 World Cup on Brazilian Football Stadiums and Cultures'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fan zones effectively engaged fans and significantly boosted the local economy through tourism and commercial activities.

    “These Fan zones effectively engaged fans and significantly boosted the local economy through tourism and commercial activities.73”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] 73. BWFC, 'Home Page'.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The complexity of international mega-events contrasts with local club-based Fan zones, such as that of BWFC, where the fan demographic tends to be more homogeneous and familiar with local enforcement practices.

    “This complexity contrasts with local club-based Fan zones, such as that of BWFC, where the fan demographic tends to be more homogeneous and familiar with local enforcement practices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Balancing safety and fan freedom is vital for a positive fan zone experience.

    “Balancing safety and fan freedom is vital for a positive Fan zone experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Fan zones significantly enhance community and belonging, which are crucial to fan loyalty and engagement.

    “Fan zones significantly enhance community and belonging, which are crucial to fan loyalty and engagement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The principles behind BWFC fan zone success (visibility, inclusion, atmosphere, and local ownership) offer vital lessons for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

    “Although the BWFC fan zone operates on a smaller scale, the principles behind its success (visibility, inclusion, atmosphere, and local ownership) offer vital lessons for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This extended match-day experience offers controlled environments that benefit both fans and clubs financially.

    “This extended match-day experience offers controlled environments that benefit both fans and clubs financially.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Fan engagement, security, and profit are not mutually exclusive and can be balanced, as evidenced by the BWFC fan zone.

    “This fan engagement, security, and profit are not mutually exclusive and can be balanced as evidenced in the experience of BWFC Fan zone which created the conditions for the successful operation of a Fan zone achieving both the aspirations of the fans and the objectives of the club and its investors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The BWFC fan zone exemplified a successful model for enhancing fan experience, ensuring safety, and maintaining profitability.

    “The fan zone at BWFC exemplified a successful model for enhancing the fan experience, ensuring safety, and maintaining profitability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Managing capacity, preventing over-commercialization, and addressing youth behaviour are significant challenges for FIFA 2026 planning.

    “However, managing capacity, preventing over-commercialization, and addressing youth behaviour are significant challenges that the FIFA should consider when planning the 2026 World Cup fan zone.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Club-level Fan zones serve different purposes focusing more on reinforcing team identity, commercial revenue generation, and enhanced matchday atmospheres.

    “While fan zones at international tournaments are typically designed to manage mass international crowds and ticketless fans, the club-level Fan zones serve different purposes focusing more on reinforcing team identity, commercial revenue generation, and enhanced matchday atmospheres.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The data reflects a single season at one club and captures early perceptions rather than long-term impact.

    “The data reflects a single season at one club and captures early perceptions rather than long-term impact.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    There is a risk of over-commercialization that could detract from the fan experience if not managed carefully.

    “Additionally, while the fan zone contributed positively to local businesses and created commercial opportunities, there was also a risk of over-commercialization, which could detract from the fan experience if not managed carefully.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
      “Furthermore, there is a risk of overcommercialization, which could detract from the fan experience if not managed carefully.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The versatility of the fan zone beyond match days enhances its role as a multiuse facility, contributing to profitability.

    “This versatility enhances fan zone's role as a multiuse facility, contributing to its profitability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Qualitative interviews mean subjectivity and retrospective bias are possible.

    “It also draws from qualitative interviews, meaning subjectivity and retrospective bias are possible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
55 of 55

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Balancing positive fan experiences with commercialization opportunities and ensuring safety in fan zones poses challenges.

    “Balancing positive fan experiences with commercialization opportunities and ensuring safety in fan zones poses challenges.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Empirical research on the optimization of fan zones for engagement, profitability, and security remains limited.

    “Despite their popularity, empirical research on the optimization of fan zones for engagement, profitability, and security remains limited.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many fan zones are policed by private security officers or volunteer marshals whose style can be very different from that of 'warranted' officers.

    “Many fan zones are 'policed' by private security officers or volunteer marshals whose style can be very different from that of 'warranted' officers.”
3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Visa report was accessed before its stated publication year

    Minor

    The reference dates the Visa report to 2023 but says it was accessed in May 2022.

  • Euro 2024 group-stage report has a pre-tournament access date

    Minor

    The cited report describes the completion of the Euro 2024 group stage, yet its recorded access date is January 3, 2024.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. Barnes, D. ’Wanderers Issue Statement on Fan Behaviour Amid Growing Disorder.’ The Bolton News, 2023. https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/23265983.bolton-wanderers-statement-fan-behaviour-amid-ongoing-disorder/
  2. Berthoud, J., L. Pattaroni, P. Viot, and V. Kaufmann. ‘Euro 2008 in Geneva: A City’s Experience Organizing a Large-Scale Event. Examining “Friendly” Fan and Hooligan Behaviour in the Fan Zone’. IRSV – International Review on Sport and Violence 3 (2009): 10–16.
  3. Bryman, A. Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  4. Cottle, E., ed. South Africa’s World Cup: A Legacy for Whom? Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2011.
  5. Denscombe, M. The Good Research Guide. 5th ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2014.
  6. Gaffney, C. ’A World Cup for Whom? The Impact of the 2014 World Cup on Brazilian Football Stadiums and Cultures’. In The Country of Football: Politics, Popular Culture, and the Beautiful Game in Brazil, ed. Paulo Fontes and Bernardo Buarque de Hollanda, 189–208. London: Hurst & Company, 2014.
  7. Gardikiotis, A., N. Tsigilis, N.D. Theodorakis, and P. Kyriakopoulos. ‘Children’s Sport Team Identification: Social Psychological Processes and Developmental Perspectives’. International Journal of Sport Management 15, no. 1 (2014): 105–117.
  8. Hagemann, A. ’From the Stadium to the Fan Zone: Host Cities in a State of Emergency’. In Governance, Citizenship and the New European Football Championships, ed. Wolfram Manzenreiter and Georg Spitaler, 29–42. London: Routledge, 2013.
  9. Holtari J. ‘Key Success Factors for Fan Zones in International Ice Hockey Events: Preview of the IIHF World Championships 2022’ (Bachelor’s thesis JAMK University of Applied Sciences 2021). https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/511471/Opinnaytetyo_Holtari_Juuso.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
  10. Iles, M. ’Bolton Wanderers Fans Announce Plans for the Second Protest.’ The Bolton News, 2019. https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/17389238.bolton-fans-protest-ownership-reading-game/
  11. Papp-Vary, A.F., and M. Farkas. ‘The world’s First Carbon Neutral Football Club: The Case Study of Forest Green Rovers’. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, Aveiro, Portugal, (2022): 121–127.
  12. Sports Business Journal. ’Soccer’s Changing Face: Impact of Technology on the Beautiful Game’, Sports Business Journal, 2024. https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Articles/2024/01/22/soccer
  13. Weed, M. ’The Pub as a Virtual Football Fandom Venue: An Alternative to “Being There”?’. In Football Fans Around the World, ed. Sean Brown and Boria Majumdar, 237–252. London: Routledge, 2013.

Related

Authors
Sebire, J., & Cowcill, B.
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Policing and Security
  • Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
Corresponding author
Sebire, Jacqueline
ORCID
Sebire, Jacqueline
Venue
Soccer & Society
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2026-03-09
Volume
27
Issue
4-5
Pages
1030-1055
ISSN
  • 1466-0970 (ISSN-L)
  • 1743-9590
DOI
10.1080/14660970.2026.2640509
OpenAlex
W7134839782
Cited by
0
References
49
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Soccer and Society (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Rabdan Academy Digital Repository (Rabdan Academy) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Sport and Mega-Event Impacts
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sports, Gender, and Society
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Physical Education and Sports Studies
Keywords
fan zones, 2026 FIFA World Cup, fan engagement, crowd safety, crowd behavior, commercialization, spatial design, behavior management, collective identity, event legacy

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