A border adjustment for the EU ETS: reconciling WTO rules and capacity to tackle carbon leakage
Abstract
This article compares several configurations of a border adjustment (BA) to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) that are designed to maximize their World Trade Organisation (WTO) compatibility, either with the GATT general regime or with Article XX (its environmental exception rule). The different BAs are assessed quantitatively using the partial equilibrium model CASE II, which represents four sectors included in the EU ETS (cement, aluminium, steel and electricity). The main findings indicate that the inclusion of imports and exports would reduce world emissions more than the inclusion of imports alone, that an obligation to buy EU allowances is more compatible with WTO rules than one based on a tax, and would be better at reducing world emissions. Moreover, if the BA is based on best available technologies, more precisely on the recently defined EU product-specific benchmarks, then the adjustment would only be partial and carbon leakage would nevertheless be significantly reduced. The popular view that a BA contributes to both carbon leakage limitation and to domestic production preservation is discussed, and it is argued on the contrary that although a BA would efficiently limit leakage, a decrease in European production of GHG-intensive products is to be expected. Industries that consume cement, aluminium and steel would pay more for these goods with a BA. Consequently, the price signal should be preserved and diffused in downstream sectors, an expected key result of climate policy. On the contrary, free allocation efficiently preserves domestic production, but does not preserve and diffuse the price signal and is less efficient in limiting leakage.
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These issues are of limited relevance for countries without significant exports.
“These issues are of limited relevance for countries without significant exports (100, 104).”
From Carbon Leakage, Consumption, and Trade (2022) · cites this paper as [100]
Studies show considerable loss in effectiveness and efficiency with large deviations from a theoretically sound to a WTO-compatible BCA design.
“Studies show considerable loss in effectiveness and efficiency with large deviations from a theoretically sound to a WTO-compatible BCA design (100).”
From Carbon Leakage, Consumption, and Trade (2022) · cites this paper as [100]
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- Authors
- Monjon, S., & Quirion, P.
- Affiliations
- Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales (FR)
- CIRED (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Monjon, Stéphanie
- Venue
- Climate Policy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1212-1225
- ISSN
- 1469-3062 (ISSN-L)
- 1752-7457
- OpenAlex
- W2039687023
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 16.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Climate Policy (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Social Sciences › Law › EU Law and Policy Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agricultural Economics and Policy
- Keywords
- border adjustment, EU Emissions Trading System, carbon leakage, WTO compatibility, GATT Article XX, environmental exceptions, carbon pricing, best available techniques, cement industry, aluminum industry, steel industry, electric utilities
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