The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mechanism of action of mRNA-based vaccines
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The present review summarizes the growing body of work defining the mechanisms of action of this exciting new vaccine technology that should allow rational approaches in the design of next generation mRNA vaccines. Areas covered: Bio-distribution of mRNA, localization of antigen production, role of the innate immunity, priming of the adaptive immune response, route of administration and effects of mRNA delivery systems. Expert commentary: In the last few years, the development of RNA vaccines had a fast growth, the rising number of proof will enable rational approaches to improving the effectiveness and safety of this modern class of medicine.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“mRNA vaccines can be categorized as non-replicating mRNA, self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) based on their genetic characteristics (Fig. 3).107”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [107]
Citations
Cites
Direct Gene Transfer into Mouse Muscle in Vivo
Wolff, J. A., Malone, R. W., Williams, P., Chong, W., Acsadi, G., Jani, A., & Felgner, P. L. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1690918 · Cited by 4,173 · cited 2×
“Wolff [2] demonstrated that uptake and expression of exogenous RNA can be achieved without a delivery system.”
BackgroundSpecies-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8
Heil, F., Hemmi, H., Hochrein, H., Ampenberger, F., Kirschning, C., Akira, S., Lipford, G., Wagner, H., & Bauer, S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093620 · Cited by 3,947
Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA
Diebold, S. S., Kaisho, T., Hemmi, H., Akira, S., & Reis e Sousa, C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093616 · Cited by 3,444
Non-viral vectors for gene-based therapy
Yin, H., Kanasty, R. L., Eltoukhy, A. A., Vegas, A. J., Dorkin, J. R., & Anderson, D. G. (2014) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3763 · Cited by 3,123
Interferon-stimulated genes: A complex web of host defenses
Schneider, W. M., Chevillotte, M. D., & Rice, C. M. (2014) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120231 · Cited by 3,067
Karikó, K., Buckstein, M., Ni, H., & Weissman, D. (2005) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.008 · Cited by 2,728
mRNA-based therapeutics--developing a new class of drugs
Sahin, U., Karikó, K., & Türeci, Ö. (2014) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4278 · Cited by 2,474
Heterologous Protection Against Influenza by Injection of DNA Encoding a Viral Protein
Ulmer, J. B., Donnelly, J., Parker, S. E., Rhodes, G. H., Felgner, P. L., Dwarki, V., Gromkowski, S. H., Deck, R. R., DeWitt, C. M., Friedman, A., et al. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8456302 · Cited by 2,318
Self-citationControl of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system
Iwasaki, A., & Medzhitov, R. (2015) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3123 · Cited by 2,160 · cited 1×
“Interaction among PRRs and PAMPs triggers the inflammatory response, the link between the innate immunity and the adaptive immunity [43].”
BackgroundKarikó, K., Muramatsu, H., Welsh, F. A., Ludwig, J., Kato, H., Akira, S., & Weissman, D. (2008) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.200 · Cited by 1,930
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Weissman D., 2015, Expert Vacc Rev
- Vormehr M, 2015, J Immunol Res, 595363, 2015
- Pepini T, 2017, Induction of an interferon-mediated antiviral response by a self-amplifying RNA vaccine: implications for vaccine design
- Thoryk EA, 2016, Vaccines (Basel), 4
- Wang WX, 2014, Yao Xue Xue Bao, 49, 1111
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery
Kowalski, P. S., Rudra, A., Miao, L., & Anderson, D. G. (2019) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012 · Cited by 1,127
Advances in mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases
Zhang, C., Maruggi, G., Shan, H., & Li, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00594 · Cited by 696
COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward
Shin, M. D., Shukla, S., Chung, Y. H., Beiss, V., Chan, S. K., Ortega-Rivera, O. A., Wirth, D. M., Chen, A., Sack, M., Pokorski, J. K., et al. (2020) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-020-0737-y · Cited by 660
Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development
Fang, E., Liu, X., Li, M., Zhang, Z., Song, L., Zhu, B., Wu, X., Liu, J., Zhao, D., & Li, Y. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00950-y · Cited by 601
Opportunities and Challenges in the Delivery of mRNA-Based Vaccines
Wadhwa, A., Aljabbari, A., Lokras, A., Foged, C., & Thakur, A. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12020102 · Cited by 584
Metadata
- Authors
- Iavarone, C., O’hagan, D. T., Yu, D., Delahaye, N. F., & Ulmer, J. B.
- Affiliations
- GlaxoSmithKline (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Iavarone, Carlo
- ORCID
- Yu, Dong
- Venue
- Expert Review of Vaccines
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-07-28
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 871-881
- ISSN
- 1476-0584 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-8395
- OpenAlex
- W2736048901
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Expert Review of Vaccines (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- mRNA vaccines, vaccine mechanism of action, antigen localization, innate immunity, route of administration, mRNA delivery systems, vaccine design
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immunity, Innate, RNA, Messenger, Vaccines, Drug Delivery Systems, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
