Assessment of Toxic Metal Ions in Tea Samples Using New Microextraction Technique Based on the Solidified Deep Eutectic Solvent Followed by GFAAS
Abstract
In this research, an environmental friendly extraction method based on vortex-assisted liquid-phase microextraction and the solidified deep eutectic solvent (VALPME-SDES) has been developed for the determination of Pb, Cd, Cu, As, and Hg in tea prior to their analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). A new deep eutectic solvent consisting of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and n-butanoic acid was used as an extraction solvent, yielding the advantages of material stability, low density, and a suitable freezing point near room temperature. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was also assessed by determining the concentration of the studied metal ions in a certified reference material for Green Tea (GBW 10052).
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Lead is the only metal from column 14 in the Periodic Table of Elements that has been studied [17,74,75].
“Lead is the only metal from column 14 in the Periodic Table of Elements that has been studied [17,74,75].”
Solidification-based approaches such as DLLME-SFOD and floating organic drop microextraction overcome a key limitation of liquid-phase microextraction, particularly difficulty associated with post-extraction solvent recovery.
“Solidification-based approaches, such as DLLME-SFOD and floating organic drop microextraction, overcome a key limitation of liquid-phase microextraction techniques, particularly the difficulty associated with post-extraction solvent recovery [49,57,60,62,69,80,85,97].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
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“Solidification-based approaches, such as DLLME-SFOD and floating organic drop microextraction, overcome a key limitation of liquid-phase microextraction techniques, particularly the difficulty associated with post-extraction solvent recovery [49,57,60,62,69,80,85,97].”
Gao, X., Chen, K., Zhang, H., Zhao, F., Dong, R., Li, J., Zhang, J., Xu, D., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d6ay01156j
- Authors
- Ahmadi-Jouibari, T., Noori, N., & Fattahi, N.
- Affiliations
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Fattahi, Nazir
- ORCID
- Fattahi, Nazir
- Venue
- Toxin Reviews
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-07-23
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1084-1093
- ISSN
- 1556-9543 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-9551
- OpenAlex
- W2964076482
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Toxin Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (97609)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Heavy Metals in Plants
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Keywords
- toxic metal ions, tea, lead, cadmium, copper, arsenic, mercury, green tea, food contamination
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