Cited by 1,016Behavioral Health and InterventionsSmoking Behavior and CessationDecision-Making and Behavioral Economics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 162 of the 162 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour

Open access

Gardner, Benjamin·2015·Health Psychology Review

DOI 10.1080/17437199.2013.876238PMC PMC4566897

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The term 'habit' is widely used to predict and explain behaviour. This paper examines use of the term in the context of health-related behaviour, and explores how the concept might be made more useful. A narrative review is presented, drawing on a scoping review of 136 empirical studies and 8 literature reviews undertaken to document usage of the term 'habit', and methods to measure it. A coherent definition of 'habit', and proposals for improved methods for studying it, were derived from findings. Definitions of 'habit' have varied in ways that are often implicit and not coherently linked with an underlying theory. A definition is proposed whereby habit is a process by which a stimulus generates an impulse to act as a result of a learned stimulus-response association. Habit-generated impulses may compete or combine with impulses and inhibitions arising from other sources, including conscious decision-making, to influence responses, and need not generate behaviour. Most research on habit is based on correlational studies using self-report measures. Adopting a coherent definition of 'habit', and a wider range of paradigms, designs and measures to study it, may accelerate progress in habit theory and application.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/17437199.2013.876238

Cites

162 of 162 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions
Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., Eccles, M. P., Cane, J., & Wood, C. E. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6 · Cited by 7,629
Handbook of Social Cognition
Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807102 · Cited by 4,211
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984
Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior.
Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54 · Cited by 3,480
Psychology as the behaviorist views it
Watson, J. B. (1913) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0074428 · Cited by 3,230
How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world
Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.674 · Cited by 2,036
Reflections on Past Behavior: A Self‐Report Index of Habit Strength 1
Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.x · Cited by 2,030
A Manifesto on Psychology as Idiographic Science: Bringing the Person Back Into Scientific Psychology, This Time Forever
Molenaar, P. C. M. (2004) · Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research & Perspective · doi:10.1207/s15366359mea0204_1 · Cited by 1,943

Show all 162 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Verplanken B., 2005, The ABC of behavior change, 99

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 999

Autonomy-Supportive Interventions
Reeve, J., & Cheon, S. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.035 · Cited by 13
Acceptability of a feasibility randomized clinical trial of a microenterprise intervention to reduce sexual risk behaviors and increase employment and HIV preventive practices (EMERGE) in young adults: a mixed methods assessment
Mayo‐Wilson, L. J., Coleman, J., Timbo, F., Latkin, C. A., Brown, E. R. T., Butler, A. I., Conserve, D. F., & Glass, N. E. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09904-x · Cited by 9
A smartphone app for sedentary behaviour change in cardiac rehabilitation and the effect on hospital admissions: the ToDo-CR randomised controlled trial study protocol
Patterson, K., Davey, R., Keegan, R. J., Niyonsenga, T., Mohanty, I., van Berlo, S., & Freene, N. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040479 · Cited by 9
An integrated dual‐process model for coping behaviour
Keech, J. J., & Hamilton, K. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3121 · Cited by 9
LIFESTYLE SEGMENTATION: MOBILE PHONE PURCHASE VIS-À-VIS CONSUMPTION DECISION
Nugraha, A. K. N. A., Silintowe, Y. B. R., & Paramita, E. L. (2022) · Verslas teorija ir praktika · doi:10.3846/btp.2022.13687 · Cited by 9
Effectiveness of a Text Message Intervention to Reduce Texting While Driving Among Targeted Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Suffoletto, B. P., Pacella‐LaBarbara, M. L., Huber, J., Delgado, M. K., & McDonald, C. C. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.05.016 · Cited by 9
It’s how you say it – The extended Theory of Planned Behaviour explains active transport use in cardiac patients depending on the type of self-report in a hypothesis-generating study
Batool, T., Ross, V., Brijs, K., Neven, A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Scherrenberg, M., Dendale, P., Vanrompay, Y., Janssens, D., & Wets, G. (2022) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2022.08.005 · Cited by 9
Differential influence of habit components on compulsive and problematic reward-seeking behavior
Wuensch, L., Stussi, Y., Vernede, T., Murray, R. J., Sander, D., Péron, J., & Pool, E. R. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000323 · Cited by 11
Development of behavioural automaticity by extended Pavlovian training in an insect
Mizunami, M., Hirohata, S., Sato, A., Arai, R., Terao, K., Sato, M., & Matsumoto, Y. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2132 · Cited by 9
Perceptions of a video game to promote handwashing habits in foodservice
Clark, J. A., Reynolds, J., & Crandall, P. G. (2019) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106772 · Cited by 9
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Interventions Designed to Improve University Students' Subjective Financial Wellness in the United Kingdom
Schmidtke, K. A., Elliott, A., Patel, K., King, D., & Vlaev, I. (2020) · Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning · doi:10.1891/jfcp-19-00014 · Cited by 9
Implementation Science and Translation in Behavior Change
Łuszczyńska, A., Łobczowska, K., & Horodyska, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.023 · Cited by 10
Habit and goal-related constructs in determining toothbrushing behavior: Two sensor-based longitudinal studies.
Zhang, C., Spelt, H., van Wissen, A., Lakens, D., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2022) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001199 · Cited by 8
Dual processing approach to sedentary behavior and physical activity in the workplace
Jenkins, K., Phipps, D. J., Rhodes, R. E., Buchan, J., & Hamilton, K. (2023) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12440 · Cited by 9
Making and breaking habits: Revisiting the definitions and behavioral factors that influence habits in animals
Handel, S. N., & Smith, R. J. (2023) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.889 · Cited by 10
The Specification of a Computational Model of Physical Activity Habit
Rebar, A. L., Lagoa, C. M., Gardner, B., & Conroy, D. E. (2024) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000340 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Physical Activity Behaviour and Motivation During and Following Pulmonary and Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Repeated Measures Study
Alfrey, K.-L. R., Gardner, B., Judd, J. A., Askew, C. D., Vandelanotte, C., & Rebar, A. L. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14100965 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Understanding behavioural clusters: Identifying differences between clusters of health behaviours on key constructs
Nudelman, G., & Shiloh, S. (2016) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1208822 · Cited by 8
Concurrent validity and cross-validation of the Brunel Lifestyle Physical Activity Questionnaire
Vencato, M. M., Karageorghis, C. I., Priest, D.-L., & Nevill, A. M. (2017) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2016.12.077 · Cited by 8
Intentional Forgetting in Socio-Digital Work Systems
Ellwart, T., Ulfert, A., Antoni, C. H., Becker, J., Frings, C., Göbel, K., Hertel, G., Kluge, A., Meeßen, S. M., Niessen, C., et al. (2019) · AIS Transactions on Enterprise Systems · doi:10.30844/aistes.v4i1.16 · Cited by 8
Micro-level de-coupling of negative affect and binge eating in relationship to macro-level outcomes in binge eating disorder treatment
Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Schaefer, L. M., Anderson, L., Hazzard, V. M., Crosby, R., Engel, S., Crow, S., Wonderlich, S., & Peterson, C. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001804 · Cited by 7
Self-Control Interventions
de Ridder, D. T. D., Gillebaart, M., & Friese, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.040 · Cited by 9
Exploring the effects of habit strength on scholarly publishing
Moksness, L., Olsen, S. O., & Tuu, H. H. (2020) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-11-2019-0220 · Cited by 8
Goal Setting Interventions
Epton, T., & Armitage, C. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.038 · Cited by 8
Association of habits, triggers, glycaemic control, routines, stress and impulse control among emerging adults with type 1 diabetes
Hanna, K. M., Kupzyk, K. A., Hansen, J. R., JONES-RYAN, M. L., & Drincic, A. (2020) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14370 · Cited by 8
Investigating salience strategies to counteract obesity
de Plaza, M. A. P., Taghian, M., Marmolejo‐Ramos, F., Barrera-Causil, C., & Hall, J. E. (2020) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daaa123 · Cited by 8
Understanding dietary behaviour change after a diagnosis of diabetes: A qualitative investigation of adults with type 2 diabetes
Rigby, R. R., Williams, L. T., MITCHELL, L. J., Ball, L., & Hamilton, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278984 · Cited by 14
Responsibility and Healthcare
Davies, B., De Marco, G., Levy, N. L., & Savulescu, J. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192872234.001.0001 · Cited by 7
Modeling Longitudinal Relationships Between Habit and Physical Activity: Two Cross-Lagged Panel Design Studies in Older Adults
van Bree, R. J. H., Bolman, C. A. W., Mudde, A. N., van Stralen, M. M., Peels, D. A., de Vries, H., & Lechner, L. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2016-0212 · Cited by 10
Can the Easter break induce a long-term break of exercise routines? An analysis of Danish gym data using a regression discontinuity design
Fredslund, E. K., & Leppin, A. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024043 · Cited by 8
The clinical obesity maintenance model: a structural equation model
Spirou, D., Smith, E., Wood, K., & Raman, J. (2020) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-01034-y · Cited by 8
Identifying as someone who avoids virus transmission strengthens physical distancing habit‐behaviour relationships: A longitudinal multi‐national study during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Cushan‐Kain, G., Gardner, B., Verplanken, B., Lally, P. J., Rhodes, R. E., Kwaśnicka, D., Alfrey, K.-L. R., & Rebar, A. L. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12369 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Grounding Motivation for Behaviour ChangePreprint
Papies, E. K., Barsalou, L. W., Claassen, M. A., Davis, T., Farrar, S. T., Gauthier, E., Rodger, A., Tatar, B., Wehbe, L. H., & Werner, J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j94vb · Cited by 8
Unraveling the Drivers of the Adoption of Improved Fish Smoking Technology Among Small-Scale Fisheries: A Case Study of the Ahotor oven in Ghana
Salifu, I., Aheto, D., & Vondolia, G. K. (2024) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2024.100266 · Cited by 8
Attitude, Habit Strength, and the Relationship Between Intention and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Behavior Among College Students
Han, Y., Wang, Y., Li, P., & Zhang, B. (2024) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2024.2389906 · Cited by 8
The relationship between habit and identity in health behaviors: A systematic review and three‐level meta‐analysis
Zhu, L., Tao, Y., Guo, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, T., Zhou, B., Li, G., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70017 · Cited by 7
Effortful self-control as a potential target for physical activity maintenance
Bourque, J. R., Paoli, A. G. D., Selby, E. A., Perdue, H. M., Poole, L. G., Sarwani, A. H., & Alderman, B. L. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102926 · Cited by 7
Young adults' taste perception, consumption habits, and how this influences their willingness to pay for wine: Evidence from an experimental auction
Jorge, E. (2022) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12806 · Cited by 7
Breaking the Habit? Identifying Discrete Dimensions of Sitting Automaticity and Their Responsiveness to a Sitting-Reduction Intervention
Gardner, B., Mainsbridge, C. P., Rebar, A. L., Cooley, D., Honan, C. A., O’Brien, J., & Pedersen, S. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10155-4 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Challenging assumptions underlying physical activity promotion for health care professionals in Australia: A data‐prompted interview study
Kwaśnicka, D., Potthoff, S., Hagger, M. S., Vandelanotte, C., Rebar, A. L., Short, C. E., Crook, D., & Gardner, B. (2023) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.784 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Asthma routinization, family asthma management, caregiver depressive symptoms, and medication adherence in Head Start preschool children
Lu, M., Ruvalcaba, E., McQuaid, E. L., Rand, C. S., Riekert, K. A., & Eakin, M. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Allergy · doi:10.3389/falgy.2023.1219868 · Cited by 7
Advancing corporate sustainability: empowering the young consumers to reduce food waste for the sake of our planet
Ting, S.-H., Leong, C., Lim, T., Kuek, T. Y., & Lim, B. C. Y. (2024) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration · doi:10.1108/apjba-01-2024-0018 · Cited by 8
Advancing Our Understanding of Complex Intervention Development in Social Work: Co-Producing Support for Youth Transitioning from Out-of-Home Care
Olsson, T. M., Bergström, M., Välikoski, M., Karlsson, M., & Skoog, T. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-024-00986-9 · Cited by 7
The neural interface between negative emotion regulation and motivation for change in cocaine dependent individuals under treatment
Contreras‐Rodríguez, O., Albein‐Urios, N., Martínez-González, J. M., Menchón, J. M., Soriano‐Mas, C., & Verdejo‐García, A. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107854 · Cited by 8
Evaluation of Behavior Change Interventions
Matthews, L., & Simpson, S. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.022 · Cited by 8
Habit Facilitates Actioning Sun Protective Behavior Intentions
Rebar, A. L., Hamilton, K., Rhodes, R. E., & Gardner, B. (2021) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2021.1903380 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Design of a Planner-Based Intervention to Facilitate Diet Behaviour Change in Type 2 Diabetes
Cradock, K. A., Quinlan, L. R., Finucane, F. M., Gainforth, H. L., Ginis, K. A. M., Sanders, E., & OLaighin, G. M. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22072795 · Cited by 7
Affective Recommender System for Pet Social Network
Cheng, W. K., Leong, W. C., Tan, J. S., Hong, Z., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22186759 · Cited by 7
Efficacy and mechanisms of change in exposure-based and cognitive stand-alone body image interventions in women with overweight and obesity
Baur, J., Krohmer, K., Naumann, E., & Svaldi, J. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104210 · Cited by 9
The Impact of Nurse Health-Coaching Strategies on Cognitive—Behavioral Outcomes in Older Adults
Potempa, K. M., Butterworth, S. W., Flaherty‐Robb, M., Calarco, M. M., Marriott, D. J., Ghosh, B., Gabarda, A., Windsor, J., Potempa, S., Laughlin, C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010416 · Cited by 7
Codevelopment of a Text Messaging Intervention to Support Adherence to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Women With Breast Cancer: Mixed Methods Approach
Green, S. M. C., French, D., Hall, L., Bartlett, Y. K., Rousseau, N. S., Raine, E., Parbutt, C., Gardner, B., ROSETA Investigators, & Smith, S. G. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/38073 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Generation of information systems from process models to support intentional forgetting of work habits
Law, Y. C., Wehrt, W., Sonnentag, S., & Weyers, B. (2017) · ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (EICS) · doi:10.1145/3102113.3102121 · Cited by 7
Juicy June: a mass-participation snack-swap challenge—results from a mixed methods feasibility study
Juszczyk, D., & Gillison, F. (2018) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-018-0310-8 · Cited by 8
Emotional-persuasive and habit-change assessment of mobile medical information Systems (mMIS)
Keikhosrokiani, P. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817657-3.00006-7 · Cited by 8
Family-based habit intervention to promote parent support for child physical activity in Canada: protocol for a randomised trial
Medd, E. R., Beauchamp, M. R., Blanchard, C. M., Carson, V., Gardner, B., Warburton, D. E. R., & Rhodes, R. E. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033732 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Increasing Physical Activity in Empty Nest and Retired Populations Online: A Randomized Feasibility Trial Protocol
Cox, A. C., & Rhodes, R. E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103544 · Cited by 8
Motivational Interviewing Interventions
Berman, A. H., Beckman, M., & Lindqvist, H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.045 · Cited by 12
Do preparatory behaviours predict alcohol consumption among UK university students?
Cooke, R. W. I., Bailey, O., Jennings, J., Yuen, C., & Gardner, B. (2020) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12489 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Widespread recommendations can change our habits of hand-washing and physical distance during the COVID-19 pandemic
Biehl, S. C., Schmidmeier, M., Wechsler, T. F., Kroczek, L. O. H., & Mühlberger, A. (2021) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.3061 · Cited by 7
Orientation response in low‐fat foods: Differences based on product category and gender
Boluda, I. K., López, N. V., & Abad‐Tortosa, D. (2021) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12697 · Cited by 9
Commonsense Modeling (CSM) of Health Behaviors
Leventhal, H., Phillips, L. A., Burns, E. A., & Herold, J. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781119057840.ch81 · Cited by 7
Habits in Consumer Purchases: Evidence from Store ClosuresPreprint
Tohidi, A., Eckles, D., & Jadbabaie, A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4077391 · Cited by 8
The trans-contextual model of motivation : an integrated multi-theory model to explain the processes of motivational transfer across context
Hagger, M. S. (2014) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 7
Predicting alcohol consumption: Application of an integrated social cognition model of intentions, habits, and cue consistency
Simpson‐Rojas, D., Phipps, D. J., Jenkins, K., Fleig, L., Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12589 · Cited by 7
Habitualness, reward and external constraints: Exploring the underlying influences of daily water intake using the Situated Assessment Method 2
Rodger, A., Barsalou, L. W., & Papies, E. K. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12598 · Cited by 6
Comparing positive versus negative intrinsic rewards for predicting physical activity habit strength and frequency during a period of high stress
Fremling, L., Phillips, L. A., Bottoms, L. M., Desai, T., & Newby, K. V. (2025) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12650 · Cited by 7
Peer influence on adolescents' physical activity: A dual‐process perspective
Nie, X., Zhou, Y., Pan, S., Lin, Y., Cao, R., Liu, J. Z., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70042 · Cited by 6
E-cycling intention versus behavioral change: Investigating longitudinal changes in e-cycling intention and actual behavior change in daily commuting
de Kruijf, J., van Lierop, D., Ettema, D., Kroesen, M., & Dijst, M. (2023) · Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research · doi:10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100009 · Cited by 6
Social Media Breaks: An Opportunity for Recovery and Procrastination
Hossain, E., Wadley, G., Bianchi‐Berthouze, N., & Cox, A. L. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3637399 · Cited by 8
An integrated model of online shopping behavior: Evidence from online shoppers in Vietnam
Thi, T. D. P., Pham, V. K., & Duong, N. T. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06977-4 · Cited by 6
Predicting healthy lifestyle behavior among married people: integrating theory of planned behavior, health belief model, body image dissatisfaction and habit
Nor, S. M. M., Abdullah, H., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Osman, S., & Jaafar, W. M. W. (2025) · Health Education · doi:10.1108/he-02-2023-0023 · Cited by 6
Privacy Paradox: The Roles of Online Shopping Habits and Regulatory Foci in Bridging the Intention–Behavior Gap
Moayery, M., & Urbonavičius, S. (2025) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1177/10949968251320609 · Cited by 6
Assessing the feasibility, acceptability, and potential effectiveness of a behavioral-automaticity focused lifestyle intervention for African Americans with metabolic syndrome: The Pick two to Stick to protocol
Fritz, H., Brody, A., & Levy, P. D. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2017.06.009 · Cited by 8
Habits and Autism: Restricted, Repetitive Patterns of Behaviour and Thinking in Autism
Russell, A., & Brosnan, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97529-0_19 · Cited by 6
Force of Habit: the Role of Routinized, Automatic Behaviors along the Path of Self-Regulation and Alcohol-Related Problems
Walters, K., & Simons, J. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-019-09845-9 · Cited by 7
Economic and Behavioral Economic Approaches to Behavior Change
Brown, P. M., Cameron, L. D., Wilkinson, M., & Taylor, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.042 · Cited by 7
Análise comportamental da prática de exercício físico em adultos em contexto de ginásio ao longo de dois anos
Rodrigues, F. F., Macedo, R., Teixeira, D., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2021) · Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte · doi:10.6018/cpd.433261 · Cited by 7
Determinants of Virtual Exercise Equipment Use: An Integrated Model Investigation
Kaushal, N., Berlin, K. L., & Hagger, M. S. (2021) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2021-0143 · Cited by 6
Motivational and Situational Aspects of Active and Passive Social Media Breaks May Explain the Difference Between Recovery and Procrastination
Hossain, E., Wadley, G., Bianchi‐Berthouze, N., & Cox, A. L. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3519643 · Cited by 6
The effect of habit on preventive behaviors: a two-wave longitudinal study to predict COVID-19 preventive behaviors
Ohtomo, S., & Kimura, R. (2022) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2022.2075876 · Cited by 9
Increasing Physical Activity in Empty Nest and Retired Populations Online: A Randomized Feasibility Study
Cox, A. C., & Rhodes, R. E. (2023) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2022-0285 · Cited by 6
A Sequential Sampling Approach to the Integration of Habits and Goals
Zhang, C., van Wissen, A., Dotsch, R., Lakens, D., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2024) · Computational Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1007/s42113-024-00199-4 · Cited by 7
Implicating Self-Control in the Mechanism by which Implementation Intentions Reduce Stress-Induced Unhealthy Eating: a Comment on O’Connor et al.
Hagger, M. S. (2015) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-014-9678-8 · Cited by 6
Reflective and Impulsive Predictors of Unhealthy Snack Impulse Buying
Moayery, M., Narvaiza, L., & Martíns, J. J. G. (2018) · Review of Marketing Science · doi:10.1515/roms-2018-0038 · Cited by 10
Changing Behavior Using Integrative Self-Control Theory
Hofmann, W., Dohle, S., & Diel, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.011 · Cited by 7
A reasoned action approach to gambling behavior
Quinton, T. S. (2020) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2020.1857104 · Cited by 6
Digitally characterizing the dynamics of multiple health behavior change.
Spring, B. J., Stump, T. K., Battalio, S. L., McFadden, H. G., Pfammatter, A. F., Alshurafa, N. I., & Hedeker, D. (2021) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001057 · Cited by 7
Habit Formation Dynamics: Finding Factors Associated with Building Strong Mindfulness Habits
Lewis, R., Liu, Y., Groh, M., & Picard, R. W. (2021) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78645-8_44 · Cited by 6
Randomised controlled trial of breast cancer and multiple disease prevention weight loss programmes vs written advice amongst women attending a breast cancer family history clinic
Harvie, M., French, D., Pegington, M., Lombardelli, C., Krizak, S., Sellers, K., Barrett, E., Evans, D. G., Cutress, R., Rgn, A. W., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-023-02207-z · Cited by 6
Familiarity, Attitudes, and Self-Regulatory Challenges Related to Mindfulness
Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Calcagnotto, L., Cloughesy, J. N., Holman, A., Masters-Waage, T. C., & Schooler, J. W. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01332-7 · Cited by 7
Affect-Based Interventions
Conner, M. T., Williams, D. M., & Rhodes, R. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.034 · Cited by 6
From ‘does it work?’ to ‘what makes it work?’: The importance of making assumptions explicit when designing and evaluating behavioural interventions
Gardner, B., Broström, A., Nilsén, P., Hrubos‐Strøm, H., Ulander, M., Fridlund, B., Skagerström, J., & Johansson, P. (2014) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1177/1474515114531688 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Evolution of Physical Activity Habits After a Context Change: the Case of COVID-19 LockdownPreprint
Maltagliati, S., Rebar, A. L., Fessler, L., Forestier, C., Sarrazin, P. G., Chalabaëv, A., Sander, D., Sivaramakrishnan, H., Orsholits, D., Ntoumanis, N., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31236/osf.io/e6jfw · Cited by 6
Self-citation
For whom and under what circumstances does email message batching work?
Wijngaards, I., Pronk, F. R., & Burger, M. J. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100494 · Cited by 6
Dynamic norm perceptions and meat consumption: the moderating role of meat-related intrapersonal psychological factors
Wolfswinkel, S. M. M., Sparkman, G., de Vet, E., Poelman, M. P., & Raghoebar, S. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102719 · Cited by 5
Older Patients' Verbal Communication in Interactions With Primary Care Staff: A Qualitative Systematic Review and Meta‐Ethnography
Goulding, R., Bower, P., Blakeman, T., & Peters, S. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70355 · Cited by 5
How habitual is everyday life? An ecological momentary assessment study
Rebar, A. L., Vincent, G. E., Kovac, K., & Gardner, B. (2025) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2025.2561149 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Boosting behavioral adaptability to enhance older adults’ mental health/well-being and quality of life using a habit-based metacognitive self-help intervention
Brinkhof, L. P., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Murre, J. M. J., Krugers, H. J., & de Wit, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03645-5 · Cited by 5
Habit and contextual influences on adolescent Fast-Food consumption with implications for sustainable diets
Kokthi, E., Miftari, I., Hasani, A., Tili, I., & Basha, A. (2025) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-02466-1 · Cited by 6
Predicting exercise after university: an application of the reasoned action approach across a significant life transition
Jones, G., & Norman, P. E. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1890160 · Cited by 5

Authors: Gardner, B.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Gardner, Benjamin
ORCID: Gardner, Benjamin
Venue: Health Psychology Review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2014-01-21
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 277-295
ISSN: 1743-7199 (ISSN-L)
1743-7202
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2013.876238
PMC: PMC4566897
OpenAlex: W2039701560
Cited by: 1,016
References: 162
Citations by year: 2026: 87 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 13
FWCI: 3.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Health Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: habit, health behavior, habit theory, stimulus-response associations, impulse generation, conscious decision-making, habit measurement, self-report measures, behavior change
MeSH terms: Habits, Humans, Social Behavior, Health Behavior, Self Report

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks