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A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour

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Gardner, Benjamin·2015·Health Psychology Review

DOI 10.1080/17437199.2013.876238PMC PMC4566897

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Abstract

The term 'habit' is widely used to predict and explain behaviour. This paper examines use of the term in the context of health-related behaviour, and explores how the concept might be made more useful. A narrative review is presented, drawing on a scoping review of 136 empirical studies and 8 literature reviews undertaken to document usage of the term 'habit', and methods to measure it. A coherent definition of 'habit', and proposals for improved methods for studying it, were derived from findings. Definitions of 'habit' have varied in ways that are often implicit and not coherently linked with an underlying theory. A definition is proposed whereby habit is a process by which a stimulus generates an impulse to act as a result of a learned stimulus-response association. Habit-generated impulses may compete or combine with impulses and inhibitions arising from other sources, including conscious decision-making, to influence responses, and need not generate behaviour. Most research on habit is based on correlational studies using self-report measures. Adopting a coherent definition of 'habit', and a wider range of paradigms, designs and measures to study it, may accelerate progress in habit theory and application.

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How does habit form? Guidelines for tracking real-world habit formation
Gardner, B., Rebar, A. L., & Lally, P. J. (2022) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2022.2041277 · Cited by 106
Self-citation
The role of habit in different phases of exercise
Kaushal, N., Rhodes, R. E., Meldrum, J. T., & Spence, J. C. (2017) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12237 · Cited by 91
The role of self-regulatory skills and automaticity on the effectiveness of a brief weight loss habit-based intervention: secondary analysis of the 10 top tips randomised trial
Kliemann, N., Vickerstaff, V., Croker, H., Johnson, F., Nazareth, I., & Beeken, R. J. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0578-8 · Cited by 79
“Although interest is growing in habit-formation approaches [5, 7, 9], weight loss interventions applying this approach are still scarce [10, 11] and their mechanisms of action are not completely understood.”
Background
A Systematic Review Examining the Relationship Between Habit and Physical Activity Behavior in Longitudinal Studies
Feil, K., Allion, S., Weyland, S., & Jekauc, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626750 · Cited by 85
Interventions to Promote Healthy Eating, Physical Activity and Smoking in Low-Income Groups: a Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Behavior Change Techniques and Delivery/Context
Bull, E. R., McCleary, N., Li, X., Dombrowski, S. U., Dusseldorp, E., & Johnston, M. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-018-9734-z · Cited by 89
Exploratory study of the impact of perceived reward on habit formation
Judah, G., Gardner, B., Kenward, M. G., Stavola, B. L. D., & Aunger, R. V. (2018) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-018-0270-z · Cited by 95
Self-citation
Energy-saving behaviours in workplaces: Application of an extended model of the theory of planned behaviour
Canova, L., & Manganelli, A. M. (2020) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v16i3.1893 · Cited by 88
Adolescent sugar-sweetened beverage consumption: An extended Health Action Process Approach
Zhang, C., Wong, M. C.-Y., Zhang, R., Hamilton, K., & Hagger, M. S. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104332 · Cited by 80
Affect and Subsequent Physical Activity: An Ambulatory Assessment Study Examining the Affect-Activity Association in a Real-Life Context
Niermann, C. Y. N., Herrmann, C., von Haaren‐Mack, B., van Kann, D., & Wöll, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00677 · Cited by 82
Habit discontinuity and student travel mode choice
Haggar, P. C., Whitmarsh, L. E., & Skippon, S. (2019) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.04.022 · Cited by 79
Application of the Health Action Process Approach to Social Distancing Behavior During COVID‐19
Hamilton, K., Smith, S. R., Keech, J. J., Moyers, S. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2020) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12231 · Cited by 74

Authors: Gardner, B.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Gardner, Benjamin
ORCID: Gardner, Benjamin
Venue: Health Psychology Review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2014-01-21
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 277-295
ISSN: 1743-7199 (ISSN-L)
1743-7202
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2013.876238
PMC: PMC4566897
OpenAlex: W2039701560
Cited by: 1,016
References: 162
Citations by year: 2026: 87 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 13
FWCI: 3.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Health Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: habit, health behavior, habit theory, stimulus-response associations, impulse generation, conscious decision-making, habit measurement, self-report measures, behavior change
MeSH terms: Habits, Humans, Social Behavior, Health Behavior, Self Report

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A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour

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