Cited by 1,016Behavioral Health and InterventionsSmoking Behavior and CessationDecision-Making and Behavioral Economics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 162 of the 162 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour

Open access

Gardner, Benjamin·2015·Health Psychology Review

DOI 10.1080/17437199.2013.876238PMC PMC4566897

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The term 'habit' is widely used to predict and explain behaviour. This paper examines use of the term in the context of health-related behaviour, and explores how the concept might be made more useful. A narrative review is presented, drawing on a scoping review of 136 empirical studies and 8 literature reviews undertaken to document usage of the term 'habit', and methods to measure it. A coherent definition of 'habit', and proposals for improved methods for studying it, were derived from findings. Definitions of 'habit' have varied in ways that are often implicit and not coherently linked with an underlying theory. A definition is proposed whereby habit is a process by which a stimulus generates an impulse to act as a result of a learned stimulus-response association. Habit-generated impulses may compete or combine with impulses and inhibitions arising from other sources, including conscious decision-making, to influence responses, and need not generate behaviour. Most research on habit is based on correlational studies using self-report measures. Adopting a coherent definition of 'habit', and a wider range of paradigms, designs and measures to study it, may accelerate progress in habit theory and application.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/17437199.2013.876238

Cites

162 of 162 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions
Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., Eccles, M. P., Cane, J., & Wood, C. E. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6 · Cited by 7,629
Handbook of Social Cognition
Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807102 · Cited by 4,211
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984
Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior.
Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54 · Cited by 3,480
Psychology as the behaviorist views it
Watson, J. B. (1913) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0074428 · Cited by 3,230
How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world
Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.674 · Cited by 2,036
Reflections on Past Behavior: A Self‐Report Index of Habit Strength 1
Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.x · Cited by 2,030
A Manifesto on Psychology as Idiographic Science: Bringing the Person Back Into Scientific Psychology, This Time Forever
Molenaar, P. C. M. (2004) · Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research & Perspective · doi:10.1207/s15366359mea0204_1 · Cited by 1,943

Show all 162 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Verplanken B., 2005, The ABC of behavior change, 99

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 999

Unsupervised Routine Discovery in Egocentric Photo-Streams
Talavera, E., Petkov, N., & Radeva, P. I. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29888-3_47 · Cited by 6
Sedentary Behaviour at the Individual Level: Correlates, Theories, and Interventions
Biddle, S. (2023) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41881-5_16 · Cited by 2
Learning From Pregnant Women Eating 5 Servings or More of Vegetables Daily: Strategies, Behaviors, and Motivators
Maher, J. H., Annetts, E., Lee, S., Meloncelli, N. J. L., & Kearney, L. N. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2024.12.004 · Cited by 2
Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Mobile Rehabilitation: State of the Science Conference Report—Future Directions for mRehab for People with Disabilities
Morris, J., Jones, M., DeRuyter, F., Rabinowitz, A. R., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22040532 · Cited by 2
Teleworkers and physical commuters during the COVID-19 pandemic: the change in mobility related attitudes and the intention to telecommute in the future
Hauslbauer, A. L., Malik, J., Circella, G., Iogansen, X., & Petzoldt, T. (2025) · Sustainable Transport and Livability · doi:10.1080/29941849.2025.2486800 · Cited by 3
The determinants of walking habit strength in urban China: A mixed-method study
Chan, E. T. H., Li, T. E., & Vos, J. D. (2025) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2025.104639 · Cited by 2
Determinants and strategies of self-reported habit degradation: an intensive longitudinal study
Edgren, R., & Inauen, J. (2026) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2026.2626493 · Cited by 2
Using the COM-B model to identify barriers and facilitators of long-term participation in a dance programme to increase physical activity in older adults
Pina, I., Gallagher-Hamill, C., Divine, A., & Astill, S. L. (2026) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103091 · Cited by 2
Bridging the theory of interpersonal behaviour and norm activation: an integrated model of consumer purchase intention towards upcycled food products
Leong, M. K., Chan, S. Y., Yaacob, A., & Chan, S. W. (2026) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-09-2025-1160 · Cited by 2
An Integrated Conceptual Framework for the Sustainable Adoption of the Mediterranean Diet: The Mediating Role of Plant-Based Foods
Oliveira, L. J. G. D., & Lucas, M. R. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18125938 · Cited by 2
Changing Behavior Using Control Theory
Mansell, W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.009 · Cited by 11
Predicting donors’ behavior in contributing to health compared to non-health sectors: an application of revised theory of planned behavior in Iran
Fehresti, S., Takian, A., Jaafaripooyan, E., Parsaeian, M., & Jalilian, H. (2021) · International Journal of Ethics and Systems · doi:10.1108/ijoes-02-2021-0034 · Cited by 2
Automated Measuring of Information Security Related Habits
Fertig, T., Schütz, A. E., & Weber, K. (2022) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2022.925 · Cited by 2
Momentary intentions and perceived behavioral control are within-person predictors of sedentary leisure time: preliminary findings from an ecological momentary assessment study in adolescents
Ebrahimian, S., Zink, J., Yang, C., Yu, Q., Imm, K. R., Nicolò, M., Dunton, G. F., & Belcher, B. R. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00309-2 · Cited by 2
Recognizing the Involvement of Satisfaction in Nurturing Habits of Travel Mode Use
Hoang-Tung, N. (2023) · International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research · doi:10.1007/s13177-023-00353-5 · Cited by 2
NEWSTART: An 8-Week Faith-Based Health Promotion Program to Reduce Chronic Disease Risk Factors in the US
Connerton, C. S., & Theuri, S. W. (2023) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01849-w · Cited by 2
Exploring Employees’ Electricity-Saving Intentions in the Workplace Based on the Extended NAM: A Case Study in Rwanda
Wu, Y., Virginie, U., Bao, D., Banashenge, I. A., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3888-9_17 · Cited by 2
Unpacking Habit With Bayesian Mixed Models: Dynamic Approach to Health Behaviors With Interchangeable Elements, Illustrated Through Multiple Sun Protection Behaviors
Li, Y., Schofield, E., & Hay, J. L. (2023) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.19.3.p265 · Cited by 2
What it takes to reduce sitting at work: a pilot study on the effectiveness and correlates of a multicomponent intervention
Porath, J., Schmidt, L. I., Möckel, J., Dold, C., Hennerkes, L., & Haussmann, A. (2023) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-023-02020-4 · Cited by 3
Rudi Kundini, Pamoja Kundini (RKPK): study protocol for a hybrid type 1 randomized effectiveness-implementation trial using data science and economic incentive strategies to strengthen the continuity of care among people living with HIV in Tanzania
Kadota, J. L., Packel, L. J., Mlowe, M., Ulenga, N. K., Mwenda, N., Njau, P. F., Dow, W. H., Wang, J., Sabasaba, A. N., & McCoy, S. I. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-07960-x · Cited by 2
A Theory of Transitions Influencing Diabetes Self-management Among Emerging Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Hanna, K. M., Alazri, Z., & Eisenhauer, C. M. (2024) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0000000000000524 · Cited by 2
Analyzing the Adoption of Digital Technology-Enabled E-Financial Services for Sustainable Development: A UTAUT2 Model Perspective
Srivastava, R., Sahawneh, N., Inairat, M., Alzoubi, A. A., & Kota, S. (2024) · International Conference on Cyber Resilience (ICCR) · doi:10.1109/iccr61006.2024.10532914 · Cited by 2
Using Large-Scale Sensor Data to Test Factors Predictive of Perseverance in Home Movement Rehabilitation: Early Exercise Frequency and Schedule Consistency
Kim, S. J., Swanson, V. A., Collier, G. H., Rabinowitz, A. R., Zondervan, D. K., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2024.3428915 · Cited by 4
Evaluating the impact of individuals’ morningness-eveningness on the effectiveness of a habit-formation intervention for a simple and a complex behavior
Phillips, L. A., More, K. R., Russell, D., & Kim, H. S. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-024-00503-4 · Cited by 2
Association Between Toothbrushing Habits and Self‐Rated Oral Health: Re‐Consideration of the 3‐3‐3 Toothbrushing Campaign
Lee, Y., Jeong, J., Lee, H. Y., Shin, S., Park, H., & Kim, N. (2024) · International Journal of Dental Hygiene · doi:10.1111/idh.12853 · Cited by 2
Breaking Commuting Habits: Are Unexpected Urban Disruptions an Opportunity for Shared Autonomous Vehicles?
Delfa, A. L., & Han, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17041614 · Cited by 2
Eight easy pieces: Challenges for the science of food perception and behaviour
Dijksterhuis, G., & Wallner, M. (2025) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2025.104985 · Cited by 2
Pilot study to reduce chewing and eating rates using haptic feedback from the OCOsense glasses
Baert, C., Sazdov, B., Stankoski, S., Gjoreski, H., Nduka, C. C., & Jordan, C. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.108056 · Cited by 2
Maximizing benefits from evidence-based psychological treatments: Memory support and habit formation as key strategies
Harvey, A. G. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104767 · Cited by 2
Qualitative exploration of the acceptability of a 12-week intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour among ethnically diverse older adults
Ali, N. A., Hudson, J., Straton, G., & Mullins, J. M. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-090384 · Cited by 2
The degraded contingency test fails to detect habit induction in humans
Molinero, S., Martínez-López, P., Morís, J., Quintero, M. J., Cobos, P. L., López, F. J., & Luque, D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0334087 · Cited by 2
Reconceptualizing self-regulation in health behaviors: A dynamic perspective on the PAAM model
Jekauc, D., Pfeffer, I., Strobach, T., & Englert, C. (2025) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2025.100394 · Cited by 3
Implementation from a habit perspective
Potthoff, S., McCleary, N., Sniehotta, F. F., & Presseau, J. (2020) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781788975995.00027 · Cited by 2
The work‐habits intervention model: A 12‐month study to change work‐email habits
Russell, E., Daniels, K., Jackson, T., & Fullman, M. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12363 · Cited by 5
STUDENTS’ UNDERLINING HABIT: IS THERE A CORRELATION WITH READING COMPREHENSION?
Azzahra, G. (2021) · JETLi Journal of English Teaching and Linguistics · doi:10.55616/jetli.v2i1.66 · Cited by 2
Habit-behaviour relationships in organised and leisure-time physical activity
Giannouli, E. (2023) · Peer community in health & movement sciences. · doi:10.24072/pci.healthmovsci.100002 · Cited by 1
Comparing habit-behaviour relationships for organised versus leisure time physical activity
Newman, K., Forestier, C., Cheval, B., Zenko, Z., de Chanaleilles, M., Gardner, B., & Rebar, A. L. (2023) · Peer Community Journal · doi:10.24072/pcjournal.311 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Dynamic mental representations of habitual behaviours: Food choice on a web-based environment
Gaspar, R., Palma‐Oliveira, J. M., & Corral-Verdugo, V. (2016) · Psychology Community & Health · doi:10.5964/pch.v5i2.171 · Cited by 2
Do older English adults exhibit day-to-day compensation in sedentary time and in prolonged sedentary bouts? An EPIC-Norfolk cohort analysis
Yerrakalva, D., Wijndaele, K., Hajna, S., Westgate, K. L., Khaw, K., Wareham, N. J., Griffin, S. J., & Brage, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224225 · Cited by 2
A systematic review of interventions using cue-automaticity to improve the uptake of preventive healthcare in adults: applications to dental visiting
Raison, H., Corcoran, R., & Harris, R. V. (2018) · Community Dental Health · doi:10.1922/cdh_4174raison10 · Cited by 2
Behavior Change in Community Contexts
Trickett, E. J., & Paterson, S. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.028 · Cited by 2
Hardwired… to Self- Destruct? Using Technology to Improve Behavior Change Science
Crutzen, R. (2021) · Health Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.5334/hpb.26 · Cited by 3
Why Do Mental Disorders Persist?
Nesse, R. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781911623625.008 · Cited by 3
Medication habits among persons with multiple sclerosis.
Neter, E., Glass-Marmor, L., Wolkowitz, A., & Miller, A. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104224 · Cited by 2
Broad versus narrow bandwidth measures of experienced automaticity for physical activity
Olson, J. L., Mama, S. K., Brunke-Reese, D., Lagoa, C. M., Sciamanna, C. N., & Conroy, D. E. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2146690 · Cited by 2
Behavioural Economics to Improve Antihypertensive Therapy Adherence (BETA): protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial in Los Angeles
Ebinger, J. E., Ghai, I., Barajas, D., Vallejo, R., Blyler, C. A., Morales, M., Garcia, N. C., Joung, S. Y., Palimaru, A. I., & Linnemayr, S. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066101 · Cited by 2
Dairy intake-related intentions, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control of South African nutrition professionals
Wenhold, F. A. M., & White, Z. (2016) · South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1080/16070658.2016.1248052 · Cited by 2
Validating Persuasive Experience (PX) Theory: Preliminary Results of a Case Study on a Corporate Wellness Program’s Web-based Learning Interfaces
Platt, L. S., Li, H., Bass, C. E., & Yu, K. (2018) · Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care · doi:10.1177/2327857918071012 · Cited by 2
Kecerdasan Berideologi Calon Guru Pendidikan Sekolah Dasar Melalui Pendidikan Pancasila
Hidayah, Y., Trihastuti, M., & Dewi, D. A. (2021) · Jurnal Al-Qiyam · doi:10.33648/alqiyam.v1i2.129 · Cited by 2
Robotization of Mobile Communication
Taipale, S., Turja, T., & Aerschot, L. V. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190864385.013.42 · Cited by 2
Theory-based Habit Modeling for Enhancing Behavior PredictionPreprint
Zhang, C., Vanschoren, J., van Wissen, A., Lakens, D., de Ruyter, B., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.01637 · Cited by 2
Cultivating a Gratitude Thinking Habit and Exploring Its Effects on Psychological Well-being: An Exploratory Longitudinal StudyPreprint
Lo, T. T., & Leung, F. Y. K. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hkwsr · Cited by 2
Combining the reasoned action approach and habit formation to reduce sitting time in classrooms: Outcome and process evaluation of the Let’s Move It teacher interventionPreprint
Hankonen, N. E., Köykkä, K., Absetz, P., Araújo‐Soares, V., Knittle, K. P., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yrnem · Cited by 3
Health behaviour theories: a conceptual lens to explore behaviour change
Cilliers, F. J., St‐Onge, C., & van der Vleuten, C. P. M. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119839446.ch23 · Cited by 2
Editorial: Towards behavior maintenance processes
Kaushal, N., Zhang, C., & Yusainy, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1194832 · Cited by 2
Food-related health challenges of children and the role of the consumer protection Act 68 of 2008 in regulating unhealthy food advertising
Hlongwane, M. (2023) · DUT Open Scholar (Durban University of Technology) · doi:10.51415/10321/4831 · Cited by 2
Rudi Kundini, Pamoja Kundini (RKPK): study protocol for a hybrid type 1 randomized effectiveness-implementation trial using data science and economic incentive strategies to strengthen the continuity of care among people living with HIV in TanzaniaPreprint
Kadota, J. L., Packel, L. J., Mlowe, M., Ulenga, N. K., Mwenda, N., Njau, P. F., Dow, W. H., Wang, J., Sabasaba, A. N., & McCoy, S. I. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3315136/v1 · Cited by 2
The temporal trajectories of habit decay in daily life: An intensive longitudinal study on four health-risk behaviorsPreprint
Edgren, R., Baretta, D., & Inauen, J. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aqwjs · Cited by 2
HabitWalk: A Micro-Randomized Trial to Understand and Promote Habit Formation in Physical ActivityPreprint
Baretta, D., Gillmann, N., Edgren, R., & Inauen, J. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/5pbtf · Cited by 2
Examining speeding behaviour: An application of Situational Action Theory
Rose, C. (2024) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.249816 · Cited by 2
Progressive changes in functional connectivity between thalamic nuclei and cortical networks across learningPreprint
Jarrett, C. E., Zwosta, K., Wang, X., Wolfensteller, U., Iglesias, J. E., von Kriegstein, K., & Ruge, H. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.26.609333 · Cited by 2
Development and exploratory analysis of a multi-dimensional metric of adherence for digital health interventionsPreprint
Mason, H. T., O’Connor, S., Wong, D., & Stanmore, E. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.02.23.24303246 · Cited by 2
Cost-Effectiveness Evaluations of Behavior Change Interventions
Wang, T., Downes, M., Byrnes, J., & Scuffham, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.026 · Cited by 1
MÜZİK ÖĞRETMENİ ADAYLARININ BİREYSEL ÇALGI ÇALIŞMA ALIŞKANLIKLARI (AYDIN ADNAN MENDERES ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ)
Topoğlu, E. E. (2022) · Trakya Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.24315/tred.1136904 · Cited by 1
Physical activity planning interventions, body fat and energy-dense food intake in dyads: ripple, spillover, or compensatory effects?
Kuliś, E., Szczuka, Z., Banik, A., Siwa, M., Boberska, M., Zarychta, K., Zaleskiewicz, H., Knoll, N., Radtke, T., Scholz, U., et al. (2023) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2023.2233001 · Cited by 1
Percepción de la enfermedad, hábitos y estilos de vida saludables: un desafío para el control de la hipertensión arterial en Latinoamérica
Mantilla, Á. J. L., Ramírez, C. C., L.A., L. A. P.-G., & Camacho, P. A. (2024) · Revista Chilena de Salud Pública · doi:10.5354/0719-5281.2023.74324 · Cited by 1
Do people rely more on habits when sleepy? An ecological momentary assessment study
McLaurin, T., Gardner, B., Shriane, A. E., Rebar, A. L., & Vincent, G. E. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14421 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Measuring Heterogeneity of Habitualness in Consumer Behavior
Rønnow, H. N., Smed, S., Thunström, L., & Veld, K. V. ’. (2025) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/ajae.12534 · Cited by 1
Prediction of Snacking Behavior Involving Snacks Having High Levels of Saturated Fats, Salt, or Sugar Using Only Information on Previous Instances of Snacking: Survey- and App-Based Study
Dammas, S., Weyde, T., Tapper, K., Spanakis, G., Roefs, A., & Pothos, E. M. (2025) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/57530 · Cited by 2
Digital health tools and habit formation: Investigating the role of anti-addiction systems in mitigating social media dependency
Xu, J. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies · doi:10.53894/ijirss.v8i2.6007 · Cited by 1
A digital health kiosk is acceptable, usable, and improves decisions about high-risk over-the-counter medications when used by older adults: Results of formative user testing
Hill, J. R., Patel, H., Gardner, B., Ganci, A., Campbell, N. L., Chui, M. A., Abebe, E., & Holden, R. J. (2025) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2025.102451 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Can secure habits counter phishing? An exploration using a novel in-tray simulation
Weickert, T. D., Joinson, A., & Craggs, B. (2026) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2026.105057 · Cited by 1
Factors affecting the provision of guideline-recommended pain care in rural Australia: A consolidated program theory from a realist needs assessment
Grant, A. R., Mardon, A. K., Westhorp, G., Karran, E. L., Hibbert, P. D., Alva, T., Roeger, C., & Moseley, G. L. (2025) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105488 · Cited by 1
Why Is It Essential to Address Digital Public Health in an Interdisciplinary Way?
Maaß, L., Dassow, H.-H., Diethei, D., Freye, M., Niess, J., & Do, S. (2025) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-90154-6_1 · Cited by 2
Pilot of a pharmacist-delivered habit-based intervention to support medication adherence in primary care
Witry, M. J., Hoehns, J. D., & Phillips, L. A. (2025) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.09.003 · Cited by 1
Examining the Role of Executive Functions on the Intention–Behavior Gap of Alcohol Protective Behavioral Strategy Use
Gius, B. K., Davis, J. A., & Schlauch, R. C. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2548316 · Cited by 1
Progressive Changes Between Thalamic Nuclei and Cortical Networks Across Stimulus–Response Learning
Jarrett, C. E., Zwosta, K., Wang, X., Wolfensteller, U., Iglesias, J. E., von Kriegstein, K., & Ruge, H. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70382 · Cited by 2
A Social Norms Intervention to Improve Vaccination Intentions: Outcomes from the Happy Baby Program in the Slum Areas of Varanasi, India
Rimal, R. N., Ganjoo, R., Panda, B., Rath, S., Pandey, M., Pandey, S., Parida, M., Mohanty, S., Jamison, A., Alperstein, N. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2025.2575879 · Cited by 1
Habit-Like Forms of Perceptual Learning
Marchi, F., & Vernazzani, A. (2025) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-025-10282-5 · Cited by 1
Impact of behavioral economics to improve antihypertensive therapy adherence, a pilot randomized controlled trial in Los Angeles
Linnemayr, S., Ghai, I., Palimaru, A. I., Barajas, D., Vallejo, R., Blyler, C. A., Morales, E. M., Guzman, M. D., Joung, S. Y., Ungar, S., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-94805-5 · Cited by 1
Exploring hand hygiene practices in food businesses using the capability, opportunity and motivation for behaviour change (COM-B) model
Kebbi, R., Haven-Tang, C. L., Redmond, E. C., & Evans, E. W. (2025) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111863 · Cited by 1
Unpacking the mechanisms between Internet Addiction and online impulse buying: Which is more critical, mindfulness or emotional intelligence?
Aghaei, A. E., Tehranizadeh, M., & Aminzadeh, M. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100883 · Cited by 3
Quantifying the effect of Behaviour Self-Regulation on well-being through causal analysis: A methodological framework for longitudinal health data
Wang, J., Wang, P., Woo, W. L., Sakalidis, K. E., Hettinga, F. J., Rodrigues, A., Dawes, H., & Tempest, G. D. (2026) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2026.104984 · Cited by 1
Unpacking financial (dis)engagement of young adults transitioning into the workforce: An investigation of financial habit clusters
Harrison, J. L., Sinnewe, E., Westermann, S., & Nicholson, G. J. (2026) · Pacific-Basin Finance Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2026.103067 · Cited by 1
Feasibility of dynamic structural equation modeling for capturing micro-level temporal dynamics in adolescent physical activity
Beck, F., Reimers, A. K., & Dettweiler, U. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26321-8 · Cited by 1
Examining context stability, habits, and movement behaviors among behavioral adopters and maintainers: it’s an individual vibe
Maher, J. P., Behler, M. H., Castro-Buitrago, N., Hudgins, B. L., Murray, E. E., Seo, Y., & Rebar, A. L. (2026) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2025.2528925 · Cited by 1
From habit to high risk: The influence of multidimensional lifestyle changes on internet addiction risk among junior high school students and its predictive utility
Yu, X., Zhang, L., Su, X., Yu, Y., Liu, B., Zhou, L., & Deng, X. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345506 · Cited by 1
Automaticity in household food management: Examining the role of habits in food waste generation
Huisman, C., van Herpen, E., & Piqueras‐Fiszman, B. (2026) · Cleaner Food Systems · doi:10.1016/j.clfs.2026.100015 · Cited by 1
Data-driven closed-loop health education: constructing an integrated assessment–intervention–feedback pathway for digital COPD management—a perspective
Zhou, Y., Wang, T., Wang, Y.-D., Li, G.-R., Sun, P., Li, Y.-L., Yao, L.-L., & Liang, S.-L. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1806393 · Cited by 1
What Makes a Habit? Investigating Potential Determinants of Habit Formation
Bürgler, S., Milyavskaya, M., McMillan, G., Burns, R., Lally, P. J., & Gardner, B. (2026) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672261440446 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Habit, sedimentation and economic institutions
Gallagher, S. (2026) · Continental Philosophy Review · doi:10.1007/s11007-026-09737-2 · Cited by 1
Factors associated with adherence to inhaled medicines in cystic fibrosis following the introduction of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor using electronically captured adherence data
Sandler, R. D., Lai, L. Y. H., Cameron, S., Dawson, S., Daniels, T. E., Wildman, M. J., Sperrin, M., & Hoo, Z. H. (2026) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2026.05.012 · Cited by 1
How do people manage desirable but disruptive competing behaviors to successfully reach their health goals? A dual-phase dual-process (DP2) model
Hagger, M. S. (2026) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2026.2678417 · Cited by 1
Future anxiety and academic burnout among university students: a short-term three-wave longitudinal conditional process study
Tan, Y., Liu, S., & Zang, L. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04933-4 · Cited by 1
Habit strength as a partial explanation of the association between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors in type 2 diabetes: a multicenter cross-sectional study
Lin, Y., Ye, C., Xing, S., Chen, K., Zhou, Q., Yu, C., Zhou, Y.-N., Yan, Y., Wenfei, Y., Li, B., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1870512 · Cited by 1
Peran moderasi religiusitas pada pengaruh kesadaran halal, kebiasaan, dan label halal terhadap keputusan pembelian
Ahmad, N. S., & Gusaptono, H. (2026) · Journal of Halal Industry Studies · doi:10.53088/jhis.v5i1.2207 · Cited by 1
Machen Gewohnheiten uns (un)aufmerksam gegenüber Medieninhalten? Der Zusammenhang zwischen wiederholter Nutzung, automatischer Selektion und Aufmerksamkeit gegenüber Inhalten während der Rezeption
Naab, T. K., & Schnauber-Stockmann, A. (2018) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783845285023-35 · Cited by 1
Habit and Routine Interventions with Emerging Adults with Diabetes: An Integrative Review
Hanna, K. M., Hansen, J. R., Harp, K. A., Betts, K. J., Hudson, D. B., Campbell‐Grossman, C., & Hanish, A. (2021) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459211032280 · Cited by 1
Revealing Students’ Environmental Habits on Electricity and Water Usage in Their Daily Life
Sukri, A., Rizka, M. A., Lukitasari, M., Purwanti, E., & Hadiprayitno, G. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.220103.020 · Cited by 1
On the habitual nature of environmentally relevant behavior: Evidence from a consequential dilemma task
Lange, F. (2022) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100035 · Cited by 1

Authors: Gardner, B.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Gardner, Benjamin
ORCID: Gardner, Benjamin
Venue: Health Psychology Review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2014-01-21
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 277-295
ISSN: 1743-7199 (ISSN-L)
1743-7202
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2013.876238
PMC: PMC4566897
OpenAlex: W2039701560
Cited by: 1,016
References: 162
Citations by year: 2026: 87 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 13
FWCI: 3.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Health Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: habit, health behavior, habit theory, stimulus-response associations, impulse generation, conscious decision-making, habit measurement, self-report measures, behavior change
MeSH terms: Habits, Humans, Social Behavior, Health Behavior, Self Report

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks