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The association between worry and rumination with sleep in non-clinical populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Associations have been found between perseverative cognition (PC: worry and rumination) and somatic markers of ill-health. Further studies have reported associations between sleep and both PC and poorer health. As such, sleep disturbance may represent a pathway between PC and ill-health. Therefore, studies assessing the relationship between PC and sleep in non-clinical populations were synthesised. Meta-analyses (k = 55) revealed small- to medium-sized associations between higher PC and poorer sleep quality (SQ, r = −0.28), shorter total sleep time (TST, r = −0.15) and longer sleep onset latency (SOL, r = −0.16). Variations included associations between SQ and rumination (r = −.33) and worry (r = −.23). Associations were stronger in studies measuring SQ via self-report rather than actigraphy, and where SOL and TST outcomes were cross-sectional. Associations with SOL were stronger when outcomes were from non-diary studies and when trait, rather than state PC, was measured, but weaker where studies incorporated more measures of PC. Effect sizes were generally larger where studies were higher quality and being female may act as a protective factor between PC and longer SOL. Therefore, there is a consistent association between PC and sleep which may partially explain the link between PC and ill-health.
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“Cognitive processes play a major role in the onset and maintenance of sleep onset anxiety, particularly through pa erns of rumination and worry [10].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
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“worry, which involves perseverative thinking about future threats [95,96]”
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“Rumination and worry are the two best-known aspects of repetitive thought (43), that have significant associations with polysomnographic indices of disrupted sleep (44), and sleep disturbances, both in healthy people (45), and in insomnia patients (46).”
From The contribution of transdiagnostic vulnerability factors in patients with chronic insomnia (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
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“14 ).”
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“…a transdiagnostic process involved in the development and maintenance of psychopathology in both clinical and non-clinical individuals (Cano-L ´ opez et al., 2022; Clancy et al., 2020; Ehring, 2021; Grierson et al., 2016; Luca, 2019; Rood et al., 2009; Snyder et al., 2019; Wong et al., 2023).”
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“…persistent cognitive patterns (comprising worry and rumination) are linked to heightened engagement in health-risk behaviors such as sleep issues (Clancy et al., 2020), poor dietary habits (Cropley et al., 2012), and alcohol consumption (Frone, 2015), leading to increased substance use,…”
Nonsuicidal self‐injury, sleep quality, and shame response to a laboratory stress task
Grove, J. L., Carlson, S. E., Parkhurst, K. A., O'Neill, J. C., & Smith, T. W. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23450 · Cited by 5
Ganson, K. T., O’Connor, C., Nagata, J. M., Testa, A. M., Jackson, D. B., Pang, N., & Mishna, F. (2024) · Sexual Health · doi:10.1071/sh23202 · Cited by 5
Miller, J., & Evans, S. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s447469 · Cited by 5
“This accords with a recent meta-analysis by Clancy et al, 79 showing that links between rumination and sleep quality are much stronger for subjective, compared to objective measures of sleep quality.”
ResultPositive rumination can (also) interfere with sleep: A study in a non-clinical sample
Hairston, I. S., Portal, L., & Carmon, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.889810 · Cited by 6
Cox, C., & Fritz, Z. B. M. (2025) · Bioethics · doi:10.1111/bioe.13436 · Cited by 4
Zheng, D. K. Y., Sun, Z., Chang, J. R., Huang, F., Liu, Y., Yu, S., Wu, J., Wang, Z., Wong, A. Y. L., & Wang, X. (2025) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/prm/5224748 · Cited by 4
The role of perseverative cognition in the job strain-health outcome relationship
McCarrick, D. J., Prestwich, A., & O'Connor, D. B. (2023) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2154353 · Cited by 4
“…only does this finding broadly support Hypothesis 3 but it is consistent with a range of empirical evidence (for reviews, see; Clancy et al., 2016; Clancy et al., 2020b; Ottaviani, 2018; Verkuil et al., 2010) and theoretical considerations advocating the causal chain through which PC influences…”
Akiyama, S., Ono, M., Ishii, Y., Kikkawa, M., Ito, S., Honyashiki, M., Tamada, Y., Takeuchi, H., Inoue, T., & Masuya, J. (2024) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.220 · Cited by 3
“31 Therefore, we hypothesized that depressive rumination mediates the association between parental attitudes and sleep disturbances.”
BackgroundLaw, C., Sokolovsky, A. W., Yap, D. L., Erblich, J., Gunthert, K. C., & Behar, E. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.09.005 · Cited by 3
Zhao, Z., 许世懿, Cai, Z., Ge, Y., Zhang, Z., Qiao, X., & Tian, K. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14060787 · Cited by 3
“Anxiety may further be associated with poorer sleep through cognitive and physiological correlates, such as worry-related intrusive thoughts, increased heart rate, and muscle tension [29,30].”
Du, Y., Wan, X., Xu, J., & Feng, H. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02003-9 · Cited by 4
Lelisho, M. E., Wotale, T. W., & Tareke, S. A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279624 · Cited by 3
Rest assured: Promoting sleep health in undergraduate education
Nowlin, H., Badin, E., & Shatkin, J. P. (2025) · Sleep Medicine X · doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2025.100159 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, knowledge of positive sleep health without the proper tools to motivate and instill behavioral change can contribute to anxiety and negative cognitions about sleep, which, in turn, can lead to poorer sleep quality and longer sleep onset latency [28,29].”
Riddell, H., Crane, M. F., Lang, J. W. B., Chapman, M. T., Murdoch, E. M., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3201 · Cited by 5
“has deleterious effects on sleep and well-being via ruminative thinking on past stressful events and worry about feared future events (Clancy et al., 2020; McCarrick et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMunns, L., Demnitz‐King, H., André, C., Rehel, S., Ourry, V., Sayette, V. D. L., Vivien, D., Chételat, G., Rauchs, G., & Marchant, N. L. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s441509 · Cited by 3
“14 The majority of studies within this meta-analysis however, included young and middle-aged samples, and few included both objective and subjective sleep measurements.”
BackgroundInfluentialIt Gets Better: Themes of Redemption in the Coming Out Narratives of LGBTQ+ Adults
Rouse, S. V., Chu, L. E., & Gash, J. A. (2021) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn26.3.318 · Cited by 4
Kelly, R. J., Lemberger‐Truelove, M. E., Martin‐Cuellar, A., Bagley, E. J., Lazzareschi, N. R., Vitanzos, Y. C., & Davis, A. N. (2022) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2021.2021897 · Cited by 5
Yu, H., Shi, Z., & Zhao, M. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14060444 · Cited by 2
“Research suggests that rumination is also related to sleep difficulties, poor sleep quality, short sleep duration, and delayed sleep duration [20,21].”
BackgroundZhao, J., Yu, X., & Lu, Y.-J. (2025) · International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-025-00264-1 · Cited by 2
“For instance, Clancy et al. (2020) investigated the association between rumination and sleep in adults, with a focus on gender moderation effects.”
Liu, Y., Li, Z., Xiang, Q., Zhang, X., Bai, R., Sun, C., & Liu, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1663957 · Cited by 2
Iverson, G. L., Smith, O. J., Terry, D. P., & Gardner, A. J. (2025) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acaf103 · Cited by 2
Sleep quality and rumination: the role of resilience as a mediator
Martínez, A., Suárez, C., Mercadal, J., Montenegro, A., Barreto, N., García, V., Misol, C., Ortega, M. E., Sugo, M. E., Fernández‐Theoduloz, G., et al. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08568-3 · Cited by 3
“This hyper-arousal contributes to longer sleep latency, fragmented sleep, and reduced sleep efficiency (Clancy et al., 2020; Ottaviani et al., 2016).”
Gu, H., Li, S., Han, Y., Fang, J., & Cheng, Y. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08643-9 · Cited by 2
“A meta-analysis of 55 studies involving 181,366 non-clinical adult participants demonstrated that higher rumination was correlated concurrently and longitudinally with poorer sleep quality, shorter total sleep duration, and longer sleep onset latency (Clancy et al., 2020).”
Prospective Pathways Among Rumination, Depression, and Insomnia in Youth
Bailey, B., Wilkerson, A. K., Stearns, M. A., Siciliano, R. E., & Danielson, C. K. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01406-x · Cited by 2
“…tendencies in response to low mood, or depressive rumina - tion (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008 ), though measures have been developed to capture rumination occurring specifi - cally before bed or around sleep-related distress, as well as general, symptom-independent rumination (Clancy et al., 2020).”
Sella, E., Carbone, E., & Borella, E. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13020271 · Cited by 2
“, [6,12,47]) and nonclinical samples [9,47–49], our findings highlight that focusing on excessive worries at bedtime worsens sleep duration and latency, decreasing individuals’ sleep duration and making it more difficult for them to fall asleep, and this appeared also true throughout adulthood and into older age for i…”
BackgroundCase report: “Proust phenomenon” after right posterior cerebral artery occlusion
Beukelaer, S. D., Sokolov, A. A., & Müri, R. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1183265 · Cited by 2
Effect of depression, anxiety, and rumination on sleep quality in healthcare workers
Yıldız, M. (2024) · Van Medical Journal · doi:10.5505/vmj.2024.14633 · Cited by 2
“Ruminative thinking has been associated with an increased risk for psychiatric disorders and sleep problems in both clinical and non-clinical populations (5).”
InfluentialSeah, T. H. S., Eckstrand, K., Gupta, T., Jensen, L. C. X., Brodnick, Z. M., Horter, C. M., Gregory, A. M., Franzen, P. L., Marshal, M. P., & Forbes, E. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1475097 · Cited by 2
VELA, A. M., & Carroll, A. J. (2023) · Journal of Health Service Psychology · doi:10.1007/s42843-023-00079-8 · Cited by 2
“Further, rumination has been identified as a key moderating factor in the relationship between mental health and sleep quality, and may uniquely contribute to CVD risk (Clancy et al., 2020; Ruiz et al., 2008).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Clancy, F., Prestwich, A., Caperon, L., Tsipa, A., & O’Connor, D. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Corresponding author
- Clancy, F.
- Venue
- Health Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-01-20
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 427-448
- ISSN
- 1743-7199 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-7202
- OpenAlex
- W2999483757
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (1497400)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- worry, rumination, perseverative cognition, sleep quality, total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep disorders, non-clinical population, sex differences, health outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Rumination, Cognitive, Anxiety, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Stress, Psychological
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