The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mental health stigma update: A review of consequences
Abstract
Mental illness remains a pervasive social issue that aff ects the well-being of millions of individuals globally. Despite the overall prevalence of mental illness, increasing numbers of individuals needing mental health treatment do not receive it. Mental Health Stigma (MHS) has been proposed as a signifi cant barrier to seeking/obtaining mental health treatment. Mounting evidence suggests that MHS is experienced in virtually all life domains and that it may signifi cantly influence multiple health outcomes, including treatment seeking behavior. The current review paper uniquely contributes to the literature on MHS in at least four ways. First, this paper provides a recent overview of the prevalence and social costs of mental illness in society. Second, this paper presents a current literature review of MHS and helps to elucidate the impact of MHS on a range of individual outcomes, including psychological and physical health. Third, this paper specifically reviews existing literature on understanding the relationship between MHS and treatment seeking behavior. This is the fi rst known review paper to focus specifi cally on the MHS–treatment seeking relationship. Finally, the paper presents implications for future research on MHS and treatment seeking which may lead to the development of theory-based interventions to address MHS in clinical practice.
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“Mental health concerns are highly stigmatized [48]”
From The Opportunities and Risks of Large Language Models in Mental Health (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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The Opportunities and Risks of Large Language Models in Mental Health
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“Mental health concerns are highly stigmatized [48], and there are disparities in who is at risk for mental health concerns, in who is diagnosed with mental health disorders, and with which mental health disorders people are diagnosed [49-51].”
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“In general, however, stigma has been found to act as a barrier to seeking professional mental health care (Sickel et al., 2014; Clement et al., 2015; Schnyder et al., 2017).”
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“Stigma related to mental health, both societal and internalized, is another significant obstacle preventing individuals from receiving appropriate and timely professional help (Sickel et al., 2014).”
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Krendl, A. C., & Perry, B. L. (2023) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/15291006231198193 · Cited by 97
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“33,34 Additionally, forms of racial discrimination, such as verbal harassment or hate crime, further compound the effects of this stigma.”
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“For instance, there is a deep literature on mental health stigma (Parcesepe and Cabassa 2013; Sickel, Seacat, and Nabors 2014), its serious consequences (Sharac et al. 2010), and efforts to reduce it (Yanos et al. 2015).”
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“Mental illness stigma can influence different health outcomes in significant ways [47].”
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“Stigma is defined as public stigma when the community tends to associate mental illness with negative labels and generalizes them [4–6].”
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“In developed countries, patients often face stigmatisation and neglect by society [2, 5, 6].”
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“Even mild mental health issues are perpetuated by stigma in the modern society (Sickel et al., 2014), and by admitting to being stressed Sarah risks to be ‘labeled’ and potentially stigmatized as a ‘bad mother’.”
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“College students who were attending public four year universities that were living with a physical or mental disability were less likely to complete their bachelor’s degrees, 28% compared to their classmates who were not living with a disability, 54% (Steele & Wolanin, 2004).”
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“Such stigmatization often leads to an aggravation of the symptoms and increases the psychological strain for those affected and their relatives (Sickel et al., 2014).”
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“These cues activate the stereotypes of the group in question and may lead to prejudice and discrimination (Sickel et al., 2014: 204).”
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The Roles of Lifetime Enacted Stigma in Tic Symptoms among Young Adults with Tourette Syndrome
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“Research that further examines potential moderators and mediators of the relationship between stigma and mental health treatment is warranted, including the investigation of gender as a potential key moderator (Sickel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundFrom Athlete to Advocate: The Changing Media Coverage of Michael Phelps Pre- and Postretirement
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“Moreover, individuals can develop physical diseases such as back pain and obesity because of stigma (Sickel et al., 2014).”
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“…resource to alleviate symptoms, symptoms may lead to negative perceptions of leader support because of the beholders’ emotional state or actual behaviors from the leader in response to their emotional state (e.g., Britt et al., 2016; Caveen et al., 2006; Hoge et al., 2004; Sickel et al., 2014).”
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“…been associated with a range of deleterious consequences for PWMI, including reduced access to employment and housing, diminished social networks, decreased self-esteem and self-efficacy, exacerbated symptoms, and reduced orientation towards treatment (Livingston & Boyd, 2010; Sickel et al., 2014).”
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Casey, T. W., Hu, X., Carden, C., & Lee, Q. Y. (2025) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2025.01.003 · Cited by 6
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“Interestingly, Sickel, Seacat, and Nabors (2014) found that stigma and resilience may be connected insofar that feelings of stigma inhibit coping strategies, following treatment plans, and self-efficacy.”
BackgroundIntegrating Social Determinants of Health Within Cognitive Therapy
Williams, A. M., Baier, A. L., Woolley, M. G., & Galovski, T. E. (2022) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-022-00268-0 · Cited by 6
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Kaplan, B. A., Gilroy, S. P., DeHart, W. B., Brown, J. M., & Koffarnus, M. N. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90969-3.00006-2 · Cited by 6
Disentangling low-value practices from pseudoscience in health service psychology
Farmer, R. L., Zaheer, I., & Schulte, M. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2144193 · Cited by 6
“For instance, diagnosis may lead to public-and self-stigma, which may affect interpersonal relationships, employment, increase treatment avoidance and drop-out, and so on (Sickel et al., 2014).”
The Impact of Linguistic Form of Labels on Desire for Social Distance in Mental Health
Mallinson, M. G., Giannakopoulou, A., & Clements, A. J. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00967-y · Cited by 6
“It is a core component of stigma and can affect self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, and life opportunities including housing and employment (Jorm & Oh, 2009; Sickel et al., 2014).”
Nething, E., Stoll, E., Dobson, K. S., Szeto, A. C. H., & Tomczyk, S. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084916 · Cited by 5
Haugland, B. S. M., Hysing, M., & Sivertsen, B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20053925 · Cited by 5
“Both substance abuse and mental illness are characterized by stigmatization and shame [32,33], increasing the likelihood that both the illness and the caregiving situation remain hidden.”
BackgroundShibeshi, A. H., Kase, B. F., Moloro, A. H., Mehari, M. G., & Seid, A. A. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06371-1 · Cited by 5
The Relationship Between Religiosity and Mental Illness Stigma in the Abrahamic Religions
Bushong, E. C. (2018) · Cited by 5
Anti-atheist discrimination, outness, and psychological distress among atheists of colour
Abbott, D. M., Ternes, M. S., Mercier, C. M., & Monceaux, C. P. (2020) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2020.1858771 · Cited by 7
Kumar, A. A.-W., Liu, Z. F., Han, J., Patil, S., Tang, L., McGurgan, P., & Almeida, O. P. (2023) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562231202119 · Cited by 5
Pishori, A. Z. (2015) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 5
Mental Health Literacy and School Behavioral Health: Introduction to the Special Issue
Weist, M. D., Parham, B. R., & Figas, K. (2024) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2024.2422073 · Cited by 5
“…health stigma is associated with a host of adverse psychological, interpersonal, and life outcomes, including poorer self-esteem and self-efficacy, unemployment and housing instability, increased symptoms of mental health challenges, and worse perceptions of physical health (Sickel et al., 2014).”
Hillier, L. (2018) · Lancaster University · doi:10.17635/lancaster/thesis/406 · Cited by 5
Regional variation in mental healthcare utilization and suicide: Evidence from movers in Australia
Saxby, K., Buchmueller, T. C., de New, S. C., & Petrie, D. (2025) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103029 · Cited by 4
Frank, B. P., Theil, C. M., Brill, N., Christiansen, H., Schwenck, C., Kieser, M., Reck, C., Steinmayr, R., Wirthwein, L., & Otto, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.892174 · Cited by 6
Payne, J., Esquivel, N. S., Strazza, K., Viator, C. L., Durocher, B., Sivén, J., Flynn, M. A., Menéndez, C. K. C., & Kaur, H. (2024) · AJPM Focus · doi:10.1016/j.focus.2024.100272 · Cited by 4
Saad, S. Y. A., Bshawri, J. A., Alsaedi, S. M., Radi, R. E., Ghonim, R. M., Nasraldain, H. M., & Gadeer, A. A. (2022) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-11-2021-0078 · Cited by 4
Return to Work Trajectories of Swedish Employees on Sick-Leave Due to Common Mental Disorders
Toropova, A. A., Brämberg, E. B., & Bergström, G. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-024-10216-9 · Cited by 4
“As can be observed in Tables 4, 5, and 6 most RTW trajectories differed on one or two predictors.”
Matthews, G., & Ho, M. (2024) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2023-012854 · Cited by 4
“…reasons for treatment-avoidant behaviour among people with mental health conditions (PMHCs) (Corrigan 2004; Thornicroft 2008; Conner et al 2010; Sickel, Seacat, and Nabors 2014; Corrigan, Druss, and Perlick 2014; Bharadwaj, Pai, and Suziedelyte 2017; Fox, Smith, and Vogt 2018; Sickel, Seacat,…”
Johnson, A. M., & Conner, K. O. (2019) · American Journal of Undergraduate Research · doi:10.33697/ajur.2019.009 · Cited by 4
Rodríguez‐Meirinhos, A., & Suárez, L. A. (2020) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy19.esem · Cited by 4
Perrella, A., McAiney, C. A., & Ploeg, J. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2018-007 · Cited by 4
Stigma within families: impact of parental attitudes on youth’s mental health
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Yohannes, K., Berhane, Y., Bradby, H., van Wees, S. H., & Målqvist, M. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09810-z · Cited by 4
“In a recent study on the stigma associated with mental illness, individuals with mental health conditions are frequently stigmatised [58].”
BackgroundRovitto, T. L. (2021) · Journal of First-generation Student Success · doi:10.1080/26906015.2021.1985929 · Cited by 3
“When participants further examined how they worked clinically with FGCS, accessing resources and additional approaches were necessary.”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Sickel, A. E., Seacat, J. D., & Nabors, N. A.
- Affiliations
- Walden University (US)
- Western New England University (US)
- ORCID
- Seacat, Jason D
- Venue
- Advances in Mental Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 202-215
- ISSN
- 1446-7984 (ISSN-L)
- 1838-7357
- 1837-4905
- OpenAlex
- W2063051517
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 9.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deloitte
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Keywords
- mental health stigma, mental illness, treatment-seeking behavior, barriers to mental health care, mental health outcomes, physical health outcomes, stigma reduction interventions
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