Stigma as a Barrier to Recovery: The Consequences of Stigma for the Self-Esteem of People With Mental Illnesses
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether stigma affects the self-esteem of persons who have serious mental illnesses or whether stigma has few, if any, effects on self-esteem. Methods Self-esteem and two aspects of stigma, namely, perceptions of devaluation-discrimination and social withdrawal because of perceived rejection, were assessed among 70 members of a clubhouse program for people with mental illness at baseline and at follow-up six and 24 months later. Results The two measures of perceptions of stigma strongly predicted self-esteem at follow-up when baseline self-esteem, depressive symptoms, demographic characteristics, and diagnosis were controlled for. Participants whose scores on the measures of stigma were at the 90th percentile were seven to nine times as likely as those with scores at the 10th percentile to have low self-esteem at follow-up. Conclusions The stigma associated with mental illness harms the self-esteem of many people who have serious mental illnesses. An important consequence of reducing stigma would be to improve the self-esteem of people who have mental illnesses.
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Stigma is a force that can exert powerful influences on perceptions of mental health issues and treatments across all social actors and processes, including the intervention domain.
“it became apparent in our framework refinement process that, particularly in mental health, stigma (e.g. self-stigma, family/community stigma, provider stigma, organizational or institutional-level stigma) is a force that can exert powerful influences on perceptions of mental health issues and treatments across all social actors and processes—including those in the intervention domain [39–42].”
Discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes in society severely impact recovery, quality of life, and well-being of people with mental illnesses and their families, and represent the main gap in accessing specialized mental health services by the general population.
“Thus, discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes present in society not only severely impact the recovery process, quality of life, and well-being of people with mental illnesses and their families, but also represent the main gap in accessing specialized mental health services by the general population [4,5].”
From Innovative Technology–Based Interventions to Reduce Stigma Toward People With Mental Illness: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-Todd, S., Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1621-1626
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- OpenAlex
- W2138848350
- Cited by
- 1,254
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 14.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- stigma, self-esteem, severe mental illness, social withdrawal, perceived rejection, recovery, stigma reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Self Concept, Stereotyping, Recovery of Function
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