The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Advantages of Monte Carlo Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulation is a useful but underutilized method of constructing confidence intervals for indirect effects in mediation analysis. The Monte Carlo confidence interval method has several distinct advantages over rival methods. Its performance is comparable to other widely accepted methods of interval construction, it can be used when only summary data are available, it can be used in situations where rival methods (e.g., bootstrapping and distribution of the product methods) are difficult or impossible, and it is not as computer-intensive as some other methods. In this study we discuss Monte Carlo confidence intervals for indirect effects, report the results of a simulation study comparing their performance to that of competing methods, demonstrate the method in applied examples, and discuss several software options for implementation in applied settings.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“we computed 95% confidence intervals of the indirect effect using the Monte Carlo resampling method (Preacher & Selig, 2012).”
From The impact of growth mindset training on entrepreneurial action among necessity entrepreneurs: Evidence from a randomized control trial (2023) · cites this paper as Preacher & Selig, 2012
In the citing paper
“Using Monte Carlo simulation, which is well-suited for testing multi-level mediation [48], we confirmed that there was a significant indirect association between ecological threat and prejudice across nations through cultural tightness, 95% CIs [.003, .03].”
From Ecological and cultural factors underlying the global distribution of prejudice (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
An Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994) · doi:10.1201/9780429246593 · Cited by 40,500
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117
Self-citationAn Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-4541-9 · Cited by 21,230
Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife
Efron, B. (1979) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176344552 · Cited by 17,602
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383
Self-citationMediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335
Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions
Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170701341316 · Cited by 9,973
Self-citationA comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83 · Cited by 9,406
The Jackknife, the Bootstrap and Other Resampling Plans
Efron, B. (1982) · Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics eBooks · doi:10.1137/1.9781611970319 · Cited by 8,120
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Efron B., 1982, Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics CBMS-NSF Monographs, 38
- Hayes A. F., 2011, Indirect and direct effects of a multicategorical causal agent in statistical mediation analysis, (under review)
- Lockwood C. M., 1998, Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of SAS Users Group International, 997
- MacKinnon D. P., 2000, Multivariate applications in substance use research: New methods for new questions, 141
- Muthén B. O., 2011, Applications of causally defined direct and indirect effects in mediation analysis using SEM in Mplus
- Muthén L. K., 1998, Mplus user's guide
- Williams, J. 2004. “Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing indirect effects in complex models”. Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Tempe, Arizona: Arizona State University.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,001
Arpin, S. N., Starkey, A. R., Mohr, C. D., Greenhalgh, A. M. D., & Hammer, L. B. (2018) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000469 · Cited by 26
Walters, G. (2020) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204019831751 · Cited by 26
Spoelstra, S. L., Schueller, M., & Sikorskii, A. (2019) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-019-0907-1 · Cited by 21
Howard, A. L., Kennedy, T. M., Macdonald, E. P., Mitchell, J. T., Sibley, M. H., Roy, A., Arnold, L. E., Epstein, J. N., Hinshaw, S. P., Hoza, B., et al. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00573-y · Cited by 26
Li, S., Sun, F., & Li, M. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11133550 · Cited by 24
How does the availability and use of flexible leave influence the employer–employee relationship?
White, L., Lockett, A., & Currie, G. (2019) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22004 · Cited by 24
Tuấn, L. T. (2020) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.08.003 · Cited by 28
Cao, M., Zhao, Y., & Zhao, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550711 · Cited by 27
Vergara-Torres, A. P., Rodríguez, J. L. T., Walle, J. M. L., González-Gallegos, A., Pappous, A. S., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558954 · Cited by 35
Team culture, employee commitment and job performance in public sectors: a multi-level analysis
Mishra, S. S., & Kasim, J. J. (2021) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-02-2021-2631 · Cited by 24
Wu, W., Ni, D., Wu, S., Lu, L., Zhang, X., & Hao, S. (2021) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-09-2020-1042 · Cited by 24
Rivkin, W., Diestel, S., Stollberger, J., & Sacramento, C. A. (2021) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267211052469 · Cited by 27
Can customer participation promote hospitality frontline employees’ extra-role service behavior?
Xu, A. J., Zhu, T. T., Loi, R. C. H., & Chow, C. W. C. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-11-2021-1413 · Cited by 26
Wu, S., Kee, D. M. H., Wu, W., Ni, D., & Deng, H. (2022) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103772 · Cited by 24
Duan, C., Zhang, M. J., Liu, X., Ling, C., & Xie, X. (2023) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2698 · Cited by 28
Aryee, S., Hsiung, H., Jo, H., Chuang, C., & Chiao, Y. (2023) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2023.2178905 · Cited by 31
Environmental factors, ambidexterity and performance in SMEs: does bricolage matter?
Lee, J.-Y., & Park, T. (2023) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-07-2022-0336 · Cited by 24
Introspection during visual search
Gabriel Reyes, M., & Sackur, J. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.009 · Cited by 24
Are companies beholden to bias? The impact of leader race on consumer purchasing behavior
Avery, D. R., McKay, P. F., Volpone, S. D., & Malka, A. A. (2015) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.01.004 · Cited by 24
de Matos, M. O., Bernardes, S. F., & Goubert, L. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9726-x · Cited by 24
Walters, G. D. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.10.047 · Cited by 24
Thoma, B. C., & Huebner, D. M. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay002 · Cited by 26
Arslan, Ö., Zorba, Y., & Švetak, J. (2018) · Journal of ETA Maritime Science · doi:10.5505/jems.2018.29981 · Cited by 24
Moreno‐Domínguez, S., Rutsztein, G., Geist, T., Pomichter, E., & Antonio Cepeda-benito, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00582 · Cited by 24
Dettmers, J., Wendt, C., & Biemelt, J. (2020) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2020.1810666 · Cited by 31
Goodhines, P. A., Desalu, J. M., Zaso, M. J., Gellis, L. A., & Park, A. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01310-1 · Cited by 24
Solmaz, S., İnan, M., & Şahin, M. Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1544044 · Cited by 23
Hayes, A. F., Allison, P. D., & Alexander, S. (2025) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-025-02783-3 · Cited by 31
Walters, G. D. (2018) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000293 · Cited by 26
Tuấn, L. T., Rowley, C., Dinh, K. C., Qian, D., Masli, E. K., & Le, H. Q. (2020) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x19897753 · Cited by 29
Can sales leaders with humility create adaptive retail salespersons?
Tuấn, L. T. (2020) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21365 · Cited by 26
Fox, B. C., Şimşek, Z., & Heavey, C. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2019.0734 · Cited by 24
How to Estimate Absolute-Error Components in Structural Equation Models of Generalizability Theory
Jorgensen, T. D. (2021) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych3020011 · Cited by 25
Lee, J. Y., Volling, B. L., & Lee, S. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729654 · Cited by 25
Two ways teachers can develop greater harmonious passion
Jang, H.-R., Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., Song, Y.-G., & Lee, Y. (2023) · Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/17408989.2023.2206832 · Cited by 27
CEO Stock Ownership, Recall Timing, and Stock Market Penalties
Darby, J. L., Ketchen, D. J., Ball, G. P., & Mukherjee, U. K. (2023) · Manufacturing & Service Operations Management · doi:10.1287/msom.2021.0175 · Cited by 23
Inspiring, Yet Tiring: How Leader Emotional Complexity Shapes Follower Creativity
Stollberger, J., Guillaume, Y. R. F., & van Knippenberg, D. (2023) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2019.13152 · Cited by 25
Schettino, G., Hodačová, L., Caso, D., & Capone, V. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108151 · Cited by 29
Souza‐Talarico, J. N., Marcourakis, T., Barbosa, F., Barros, S. B. D. M., Rivelli, D. P., Pompéia, S., Caramelli, P., Plusquellec, P., LUPIEN, S. J., Catucci, R. F., et al. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.121 · Cited by 24
Wolff, K. T., Intravia, J., Baglivio, M. T., & Piquero, A. R. (2017) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128717739608 · Cited by 23
The positive spillover and crossover of paternity leave use: A dyadic longitudinal analysis
Kramer, K. Z., Bae, H., Huh, C.-A., & Pak, S. (2019) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2019.05.007 · Cited by 27
Idiosyncratic deals and creative deviance: the mediating role of psychological entitlement
Liu, F., & Zhou, K. P. (2020) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12430 · Cited by 23
Petrova, K., Nevarez, M. D., Waldinger, R. J., Preacher, K. J., & Schulz, M. S. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01559-4 · Cited by 21
Self-citationPráticas de gestão da mudança: Impacto nas atitudes e nos resultados percebidos
Machado, L. C. P., & Neiva, E. R. (2017) · Revista Psicologia Organizações e Trabalho · doi:10.17652/rpot/2017.1.12157 · Cited by 22
Wentzel, K. R., Tomback, R. M., Williams, A. Y., & McNeish, D. (2018) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.11.005 · Cited by 31
Scaling of inertial delays in terrestrial mammals
Thangal, S. N. M., & Donelan, J. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217188 · Cited by 22
Bai, Y., Lu, L., & Lin-Schilstra, L. (2022) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04768-6 · Cited by 22
Murray, E. T., Nicholas, O., Norman, P. D., & Jivraj, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168339 · Cited by 22
Zmigrod, L., Ebert, T., Götz, F. M., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2021) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.7297 · Cited by 31
Can biodiverse streetscapes mitigate the effects of noise and air pollution on human wellbeing?
Fisher, J. C., Rankin, E., Irvine, K. N., Goddard, M. A., Davies, Z. G., & Dallimer, M. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113154 · Cited by 24
Nery, V. D. F., Franco, K. S., & Neiva, E. R. (2019) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886319848125 · Cited by 22
When Is Authoritarian Leadership Less Detrimental? The Role of Leader Capability
Huang, Q., Zhang, K., Wang, Y., Bodla, A. A., & Zhu, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010707 · Cited by 22
Barbosa-Luna, A. E., Rodríguez, J. L. T., Tomás-Marco, I., González, A., & Walle, J. M. L. (2017) · Acción Psicológica · doi:10.5944/ap.14.1.19266 · Cited by 22
Ferris, D. L., Reb, J. M., Lian, H., Sim, S. S.-H., & Ang, D. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000282 · Cited by 22
Momentary predictors of binge eating: An attachment perspective
Keating, L., Mills, J. S., & Rawana, J. S. (2018) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.12.003 · Cited by 22
Chu, F., Fu, Y., & Liu, S. (2019) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2019.01.027 · Cited by 22
Can hope elevate microfinance? Evidence from Oaxaca, Mexico
Valdés, R. I. R., Wydick, B., & Lybbert, T. J. (2020) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpaa039 · Cited by 26
Effects of emotion on medical decisions involving tradeoffs.
Ellis, E. M., Klein, W. M. P., Orehek, E., & Ferrer, R. A. (2018) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x18806493 · Cited by 19
Drury, L., & Fasbender, U. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12539 · Cited by 26
Braun, S. H., Sleebos, E., Zou, L. L., & Wisse, B. M. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12555 · Cited by 24
Wendsche, J., & Lohmann-Haislah, A. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s41449-017-0044-0 · Cited by 25
Only When Others Are Watching: The Contingent Efforts of High Status Group Members
Lount, R. B., Doyle, S., Brion, S., & Pettit, N. C. (2019) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2018.3103 · Cited by 21
Does leaders' adoption of employee voice influence employee work engagement?
Li, L., Zheng, X., & Zhang, Q. (2021) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-04-2020-0262 · Cited by 24
Boudrias, J., Montani, F., & Vandenberghe, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052492 · Cited by 29
Wang, H., & Xiao, J. (2021) · Business Ethics the Environment & Responsibility · doi:10.1111/beer.12369 · Cited by 21
Zhang, L., Liang, J., & Liu, F. (2022) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267221110781 · Cited by 21
Capasso, M., Caso, D., & Zimet, G. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.936917 · Cited by 23
Required sample size to detect mediation in 3-level implementation studies
Williams, N. J., Preacher, K. J., Allison, P. D., Mandell, D. S., & Marcus, S. C. (2022) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-022-01235-2 · Cited by 23
Self-citationLemay, E. P., Cutri, J. N., & Teneva, N. (2024) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000451 · Cited by 26
Does religion offer worldviews that dissuade adolescent substance use?
Shepperd, J. A., Miller, W. A., Smith, C. T., & Algina, J. J. (2014) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0037052 · Cited by 23
Rapkin, J., Jensen, K., House, C. M., Sakaluk, S. K., Sakaluk, J. K., & Hunt, J. (2016) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.13036 · Cited by 21
Lee, J., Shapiro, V. B., Kim, B. E., & Yoo, J. P. (2018) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/701526 · Cited by 21
Nery, V. D. F., Franco, K. S., & Neiva, E. R. (2019) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886319865277 · Cited by 21
Wang, W., Yang, C., Wang, B., Chen, X., Wang, B., & Yuan, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01317 · Cited by 22
Columbus, S., Thielmann, I., & Balliet, D. P. (2019) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2224 · Cited by 25
Lee, T., Liu, C.-H. S., & Li, P.-H. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102726 · Cited by 22
조영일, 조유정, Han, W., & Kim, J. H. (2015) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2015.34.4.012 · Cited by 21
Enhancing person-job fit: Who needs a strengths-based leader to fit their job?
van Woerkom, M., Bauwens, R., Gürbüz, S., & Brouwers, E. P. M. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.104044 · Cited by 39
Walters, G. D. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2017.1419684 · Cited by 20
Hussong, A. M., Ennett, S. T., McNeish, D., Cole, V. T., Gottfredson, N. C., Rothenberg, W. A., & Faris, R. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941900049x · Cited by 23
Reichel, A., Scheibmayr, I., & Brandl, J. (2019) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12263 · Cited by 20
de la Hera, C. M. A., Chambel, M. J., & Estreder, Y. (2020) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2020.102307 · Cited by 20
Social Network Mediation Analysis: A Latent Space Approach
Liu, H., Jin, I. H., Zhang, Z. J., & Yuan, Y. (2020) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-020-09736-z · Cited by 25
Creon, L. E., & Schermuly, C. C. (2021) · International Journal of Training and Development · doi:10.1111/ijtd.12256 · Cited by 25
Griep, Y., Hansen, S. D., & Kraak, J. M. (2022) · Economic and Industrial Democracy · doi:10.1177/0143831x211070326 · Cited by 20
Cohen‐Louck, K., & Zvi, L. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221080144 · Cited by 20
Xiao, J., Liu, X., & Zhao, X. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2022.2067609 · Cited by 21
Arokiasamy, A. R. A., Rizaldy, H., & Qiu, R. (2022) · Advances in Decision Sciences · doi:10.47654/v26y2022i2p26-47 · Cited by 21
Schulte, M., Trujillo, N., Rodríguez‐Villagra, O. A., Salas, N., Ibáñez, A. M., Carriedo, N., & Huepe, D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21985-9 · Cited by 27
LMXSC Elicits Hubristic Pride and Social Undermining in Individuals with High Trait Dominance
Korman, B. A., Tröster, C., & Giessner, S. R. (2023) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12983 · Cited by 22
Kwan, H. K., Chen, Y., Tang, G., Zhang, X., & Le, J. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-024-09947-3 · Cited by 27
Ni, D., & Zheng, X. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.104017 · Cited by 20
Characterizing Caregiving Intensity Among Mexican-origin Women Caregivers
Anthony, K. P., Geldhof, G. J., & Mendez‐Luck, C. A. (2016) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnw090 · Cited by 21
Is Emotional Engagement Possible in Emotionally Demanding Jobs?
Lam, L. W., Xu, A. J., & Loi, R. C. H. (2018) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000194 · Cited by 25
Hammerton, G., Heron, J., Mahedy, L., Maughan, B., Hickman, M., & Murray, J. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003683 · Cited by 20
Griep, Y., & Bankins, S. (2020) · Economic and Industrial Democracy · doi:10.1177/0143831x19897415 · Cited by 20
Liu, X. H., Greenbaum, R. L., Allen, D. G., & Zhang, Z. (2021) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-020-04730-y · Cited by 22
Perfectionism, negative motives for drinking, and alcohol-related problems: A 21-day diary study
Mackinnon, S. P., Ray, C. M., Firth, S. M., & O’Connor, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.12.003 · Cited by 20
Körner, B., Debus, M. E., Wu, C., & Kleinmann, M. (2024) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2833 · Cited by 20
The tone at the top: a trickle-down model of how manager anger relates to employee moral behaviour
Stollberger, J., Bosch, M. J., Heras, M. L., Rofcanın, Y., & Daher, P. (2020) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2020.1804876 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Preacher, K. J., & Selig, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Corresponding author
- Preacher, Kristopher J.
- Venue
- Communication Methods and Measures
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 77-98
- ISSN
- 1931-2458 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-2466
- OpenAlex
- W2104411852
- Cited by
- 1,908
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 237 · 2025: 199 · 2024: 195 · 2023: 183 · 2022: 202 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 45.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Communication Methods and Measures (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- indirect effects, mediation analysis, confidence interval construction, bootstrapping, simulation study, summary data, software implementation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review