The Cyclical Nature of Maritime Security Threats: Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing as a Threat to Human and National Security in the Gulf of Guinea

May combine two claims.

For fisherfolk in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria, IUU fishing robs them of the limited resources available, having for so long endured the depleting effects of pollution by multinational oil companies in the region.

“For fisherfolk in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria, IUU fishing robs them of the limited resources available, having for so long endured the depleting effects of pollution by multinational oil companies in the region (Okafor-Yarwood, 2018).”

• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2018 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Overexploitation of fisheries, including IUU fishing, damages marine ecosystems and results in the depletion of fish stock.

“The resulting consequences include the overexploitation of fisheries (including IUU fishing) which damages marine ecosystems and results in the depletion of fish stock (Zeller and Pauly, 2016;Doumbouya et al., 2017;Belhabib, Greer, and Pauly, 2018).”

• cites Zeller and Pauly, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Doumbouya et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction states that West African fish stocks have declined because of over-exploitation, overcapacity, and illegal fishing. The paper does not say that these activities damage marine ecosystems; its Study Area section identifies marine ecosystems but does not describe damage to them. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Belhabib, Greer, and Pauly, 2018 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Governments of countries in the Gulf of Guinea take advantage of resource demands to generate more revenue without effectively monitoring the activities of fishing vessels from distant water nations.

“Equally, the governments of the respective countries in the region take advantage of the resource demands to generate more revenue for their countries; however, they do so without taking into account their need to effectively monitor the activities of fishing vessels from those nations (Belhabib et al., 2015;Okafor-Yarwood, 2019;Okafor-Yarwood and Belhabib, 2020).”

• cites Belhabib et al., 2015 sourceSupported
• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Okafor-Yarwood and Belhabib, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Ali's submission is true for many communities in the Niger Delta where there are limited opportunities for subsistence outside fishing and farming, which is why the option of illegal activity is almost always the only alternative.

“Ali's submission is true for many communities in the Niger Delta where there are limited opportunities for subsistence outside fishing and farming, which is why the option of illegal activity is almost always the only alternative (Houeland, 2015;Odusote, 2016;Okafor-Yarwood, 2018).”

• cites Houeland, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Odusote, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2018 sourcePartly supported

  Section 2 (page not provided) describes limited employment opportunities in the Niger Delta and says former farmers and fishermen joined militant groups after losing their livelihoods. But it also describes trading as an alternative livelihood, so it does not support the claim that illegal activity is almost always the only alternative. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Crude oil derived from the Niger Delta accounts for 95 per cent of Nigeria's foreign exchange earnings, and 80 percent of the total revenue accruable to the Federal account.

“Crude oil derived from the Niger Delta accounts for 95 per cent of Nigeria's foreign exchange earnings, and 80 percent of the total revenue accruable to the Federal account.”

• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2018 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The GDP contribution from crude oil in 2017 was 8.68 per cent and 9.61 per cent in the first quarter of 2018, generating the bulk of the government's revenue.

“The GDP contribution from crude oil in 2017 was 8.68 per cent and 9.61 per cent in the first quarter of 2018, generating the bulk of the government's revenue (Okafor-Yarwood, 2018).”

• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2018 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nigeria has the second highest HIV burden in the world-3.2 million of its population live with the virus, and the prevalence of the virus threatens the economic security of the country.

“Specifically, Nigeria has the second highest HIV burden in the world -3.2 million of its population live with the virus, and the prevalence of the virus threatens the economic security of the country (Awofala and Ogundele, 2018;UNAIDS, 2017).”

• cites Awofala and Ogundele, 2018 sourceSupported
• cites UNAIDS, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The link between women in fisheries and sex work is not new; in Uganda, there have been cases reported of women being forced to pay/compete for limited supplies of fish in exchange for sex-'sex for fish'.

“Nevertheless, the link between women in fisheries and sex work is not new; in Uganda, there have been cases reported of women being forced to pay/compete for limited supplies of fish in exchange for sex -”

• cites Pearson et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Findings section (“Transactional sex and business”; page unavailable) reports that fishermen sometimes demanded sex before selling fish at Ugandan landing sites. The Introduction discusses dwindling fish stocks and competition, but does not establish that limited supplies caused those demands or that women were forced to compete for fish through sex. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This is expected to give rise to a 20 per cent loss in GDP contribution by 2020 for Nigeria and other similarly heavily affected countries.

“This is expected to give rise to a 20 per cent loss in GDP contribution by 2020 (UN, 2001;Awofala and Ogundele, 2018) for Nigeria and other similarly heavily affected countries.”

• cites UN, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Awofala and Ogundele, 2018 sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction says HIV persistently drains the economic sector, but it gives no GDP-loss estimate. Searches for the 20 per cent figure, GDP, and 2020 found no passage supporting the forecast for Nigeria or similarly affected countries. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Pipeline vandalisation resulting in oil spillages pollutes the marine environment, which acts as an additional stressor to depleting fish stocks, thereby undermining Nigeria's ability to ensure the sustainable exploitation of its fisheries resources.

“Further, pipeline vandalisation which results in oil spillages pollutes the marine environment which acts as an additional stressor to depleting fish stocks, thereby undermining the ability of Nigeria to ensure the sustainable exploitation of its fisheries resources (Okafor-Yarwood, 2018).”

• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2018 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

In September 2018, three Nigerian fishing vessels were intercepted by the Cameroonian navy; they were illegally in Cameroon's territorial waters and were allegedly carrying AK47 machine guns and forty-three persons of unknown status.

“Specifically, in September 2018, three Nigerian fishing vessels were intercepted by the Cameroonian navy.They were found to be illegally in the country's territorial waters, and moreover, were allegedly carrying AK47 machine guns, and forty-three persons, whose status is unknown.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Many of the challenges faced by fisherfolks are not duly reported, either because they do not know who to report to, or because they were engaging in illegal activity, making reporting to the authority a risk.

“Speaking with the author, the Director noted that many of the challenges faced by fisherfolks are not duly reported, either because they do not know who to report to, or, they were equally engaging in illegal activity, of which reporting to the authority is a risk.”

May combine two claims.

Among focus group and interview participants in Bonny, there was general awareness that crews of IUU fishing vessels used threats of violence against fisherfolk, and considerable consensus on how they should respond to threats to their safety.

“Among those participants in focus groups and interview sessions in Bonny, there was general awareness that crews of IUU fishing vessels used threats of violence against fisherfolk, and questioning revealed considerable consensus among them as to how they should respond to threats to their safety.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The views and experiences of focus group and interview participants in Bonny are representative of fisherfolk in the Niger Delta and Nigeria.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There was agreement among participants that if they could access firearms, they would seek to defend themselves in the face of any future threats to their safety.

“However, there was agreement that if they could access firearms, they would seek to defend themselves in the face of any future threats to their safety.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The views and experiences of focus group and interview participants in Bonny are representative of fisherfolk in the Niger Delta and Nigeria.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

There is a cyclical effect of IUU fishing, as fishermen have been caught engaging in sea robbery and kidnapping, and their excuse is that they do not catch enough fish due to depleting fish stock to feed their family.

“There is also the issue of the cyclical effect of IUU fishing, as we have caught fishermen engaging in sea robbery and kidnapping and their excuse is that they do not catch enough fish [due to depleting fish stock] to feed their family.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Statements by Nigerian Navy and Cameroonian Navy representatives about arms smuggling and maritime threats are credible.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The general consensus among participants was that they had not ever previously violently responded to threats directed at them.

“Specifically, when asked if they ever responded in kind to such violence, though their responses varied, the general consensus was that they had not ever previously violently responded to threats directed at them.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The views and experiences of focus group and interview participants in Bonny are representative of fisherfolk in the Niger Delta and Nigeria.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Possible violent responses, such as attacking illegal fishing vessels or returning fire, were not an option because fisherfolk lacked access to firearms.

“Possible violent responses, such as attacking illegal fishing vessels, or returning fire when their boats came under attack, was not an option because they lacked access to firearms.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The views and experiences of focus group and interview participants in Bonny are representative of fisherfolk in the Niger Delta and Nigeria.

May combine two claims.

For fisherfolks in the Niger Delta, the effect of bycatches on their business is as detrimental as not catching anything at all, as it gives them false hope of accomplishment while at sea, when in fact their catch are mostly discards.

“For the fisherfolks in the Niger Delta, the effect of bycatches on their business is as detrimental as not 6 Dead zones are oxygen deprived areas in the water (Altieri et al., 2017). catching anything at all, as it gives them false hope of accomplishment while at sea, when in fact their catch are mostly discards.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The associated risk of getting caught or being killed should the pipeline catch fire had acted as a deterrent to fisherfolks engaging in pipeline vandalisation or fuel siphoning.

“However, the associated risk of getting caught or being killed should the pipeline catch fire had acted as deterrent.”

May combine two claims.

Although the actions of artisanal fisherfolks might qualify as illegal based on the Sea Fisheries Acts of 1992, fisherfolk do not view their actions as illegal.

“Although the actions of these fisherfolks might qualify as illegal, based on the Sea Fisheries Acts of 1992 (Babangida, 1992), the complexity of IUU fishing is that fisherfolk do not view their actions as illegal.”

• cites Babangida, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Nigeria lost an estimated Naira ₦59,597 billion-estimated US$166 million-to pipeline vandalism in 2014, of which Naira ₦264,370 million was from the vandalisation of pipelines carrying Bonny Light oil, which is sourced from Bonny.

“According to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, (NNPC) Nigeria lost an estimated Naira ₦59,597 billionestimated US$166 millionto pipeline vandalism in 2014, of which Naira ₦264,370, million was from the vandalisation of pipelines carrying Bonny Light oil, which as the name suggests, is sourced from Bonny (Eboh, 2015).”

• cites Eboh, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Frustrated by their growing inability to catch sufficient fish to feed their families, pay their children's school fees, or even to cover their daily expenses, some fisherfolks resort to IUU fishing.

“Frustrated by their growing inability to catch sufficient fish to feed their families, pay their children's school fees, or even to cover their daily expenses, some fisherfolks resort to IUU fishing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some Ambazonian separatists have on a number of occasions been arrested onboard fishing boats trying to smuggle arms to Cameroon from Nigeria, according to a representative of the Cameroonian Navy.

“Though the author could not confirm the intentions of these individuals, a representative of the Cameroonian Navy disclosed that some Ambazonian separatists have on a number of occasions been arrested (through a joint initiative with the Nigerian Navy), onboard fishing boats, trying to smuggle arms to Cameroon from Nigeria.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Statements by Nigerian Navy and Cameroonian Navy representatives about arms smuggling and maritime threats are credible.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reduced catch is driving members of ARFAN as far as the Cameroonian border, particularly the once-disputed Bakassi Peninsula which was bequeathed as fishing waters to Cameroon in 2002.

“According to the Coordinating Chairman of the Akwa-Ibom State and the Niger Delta Artisanal Fishers Association of Nigeria (ARFAN), reduced catch is driving their members as far as the Cameroonian border, particularly the once-disputed Bakassi Peninsula which was bequeathed as fishing waters to Cameroon in 2002 (Okafor-Yarwood, 2015).”

• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Following their arrest, an estimated 220 drums of petrol valued at Naira ₦5.3 million were recovered from the accused, who claimed to have obtained the goods from a vandalised pipeline for re-sale.

“Following their arrest, an estimated 220 drums of petrol valued at Naira ₦5.3 million were recovered from the accused, who claimed to have obtained the goods from a vandalised pipeline for re-sale (Agency Reporter, 2016).”

• cites Agency Reporter, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Some fisherfolks use their boats to convey stolen fuel, following the vandalisation of a pipeline, which they go on to sell in the black market and to other fisherfolks, including to shipping vessels operating in the area.

“It was also stated in these interviews that some fisherfolks use their boats to convey stolen fuel, following the vandalisation of a pipeline, which they go on to sell in the black market and to other fisherfolks, including to shipping vessels operating in the area.”

May combine two claims.

Interviews with representatives of the Navy confirmed that fisherfolks in the Niger Delta do indeed engage in pipeline vandalisation, as well as fuel smuggling.

“However, interviews with representatives of the Navy confirmed that fisherfolks in the Niger Delta do indeed engage in pipeline vandalisation, as well as fuel smuggling.”

May combine two claims.

Nigerian fisherfolks now tend to fish around waters shared with Cameroon, get arrested, and have to pay the Cameroonian gendarme to be released.

“…we share a boundary with Cameroon and some of us now tend to fish around the waters, we get arrested and have to pay the Cameroonian gendarme [police] to be released.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The HIV/Aids prevalence level in Bonny Island was 8.3 per cent in 2003, falling to 6.0 percent in 2005, rising to 8.4 per cent in 2008, and declining again to 5.9 per cent in 2010.

“The HIV/Aids prevalence level in the Island was 8.3 per cent in 2003, falling to 6.0 percent in 2005.These figures rose to 8.4 per cent in 2008 but declined again to 5.9 per cent in 2010 (Okonko and Nnodim, 2015).”

• cites Okonko and Nnodim, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

What followed the NITOA withdrawal of almost 200 fishing vessels from the sea in 2008 was a temporary work stoppage for an estimated 20,000 workers, increases in the prices of seafood in the local market, and the resulting food and economic insecurity for affected households, albeit temporary.

“What followed was a temporary work stoppage for an estimated 20,000 workers, increases in the prices of seafood in the local market, and the resulting food and economic insecurity for affected households, albeit temporary (Onuoha, 2012).”

• cites Onuoha, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although the interviews revealed that only a minority-especially single women-turn to prostitution, their determination to ensure steady supplies and/or to supplement their income comes as no surprise.

“Although the interviews revealed that only a minorityespecially single womenturn to prostitution, their determination to ensure steady supplies and/or to supplement their income comes as no surprise.”

May combine two claims.

Sex work is linked to the prevalence of HIV/Aids in the Niger Delta region including Bonny-30 per cent of sex workers in the region are said to be HIV positive.

“Importantly, sex work is linked to the prevalence of HIV/Aids in the Niger Delta region including Bonny -30 per cent of sex workers in the region are said to be HIV positive (Udoh et al., 2009;Akintoye et al., 2016).”

• cites Udoh et al., 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Akintoye et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The director of NITOA noted that there is every chance that local fishers engage in armed robbery at sea to support their income.

“Supporting this claim, the director of NITOA noted that there is every chance that local fishers engage in armed robbery at sea to support their income.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A fishmonger noted that women fishmongers are pressured by male fisherfolk to offer sexual favours in exchange for guaranteed supply.

“Another lady, a fishmonger, noted that the women fishmongers are pressured by male fisherfolk to offer sexual favours in exchange for guaranteed supply.”

May combine two claims.

In order to make up for their lost income, some fishmongers turn to sex work, a feasible alternative due to the presence of the NLNG company, whose employees are willing to patronise them.

“In order to make up for their lost income, some turn to sex work, a feasible alternative due to the presence of the NLNG company, whose employees are willing to patronise them.”

May combine two claims.

In most cases, the authorities only become aware of the presence of such fishing vessels when there has been an attack or an incident, and they needed to be rescued.

“In most cases, the authorities only become aware of the presence of such fishing vessels when there has been an attack or an incident, and they needed to be rescued.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From the female boat owner's perspective and experience, the reduction in catches has affected the economic security of many people in the community, especially fishmongers.

“She went on to add that from her perspective and experience as a boat owner, this has affected the economic security of many people in the community, especially fishmongers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to a female boat owner interviewed, IUU fishing by commercial/foreign vessels has resulted in the severe reduction in the number of catches made by her crewmembers.

“According to a female boat owner interviewed for this research, IUU fishing by commercial/foreign vessels has resulted in the severe reduction in the number of catches made by her crewmembers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Between January and late February 2016, one-third of the 147 registered fishing/shrimping vessels in Nigeria were docked in the dockyard due to increasing incidences of piracy/sea robbery.

“Such that between January and late February 2016, one-third of the 147 registered fishing/shrimping vessels in Nigeria were docked in the dockyard due to increasing incidences of piracy/sea robbery.”

May combine two claims.

Nevertheless, there is evidence to conclude that fisherfolks engage in armed robbery at sea or indeed act as lookouts for robbers.

“Nevertheless, there is evidence to conclude that fisherfolks engage in armed robbery at sea or indeed act as lookouts for robbers (Okafor-Yarwood, 2019).”

• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Akintoye et al. (2016), the NLNG provided counselling and testing for 24,256 persons.

“According to Akintoye et al. (2016), the NLNG provided counselling and testing for 24, 256 persons -”

• cites Akintoye et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Evidence from Bonny, Uganda, Kenya and Zambia reveal similarities, yet are disparate from each other, in that fishmongers in Bonny also have to sell their bodies to non-fisherfolks for cash.

“Evidence from Bonny, Uganda, Kenya and Zambia reveal similarities, yet are disparate from each other, in that, fishmongers in Bonny also have to sell their bodies to non-fisherfolks for cash.”

May combine two claims.

Sea robbers attacked a vessel belonging to Tarabaroz Fishing Company in 2009, resulting in the death of its Captain and a life-threatening injury to another crew member.

“Sea robbers attacked a vessel belonging to Tarabaroz Fishing Company in 2009, which resulted in the death of its Captain, with another member of the crew sustaining a life-threatening injury.”

May combine two claims.

Pipeline vandalisation has triggered fire outbreaks and resulted in the death of Nigerians and destruction of properties.

“Pipeline vandalisation has triggered fire outbreaks and resulted in the death of Nigerians and destruction of properties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to UNAIDS, the number of people living with HIV on life-saving antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria grew to more than one million by mid-2017, and spending on treatment increased from US$300 million in 2007 to US$730 million in 2013.

“The number of people living with HIV on life-saving antiretroviral therapy in the country grew to more than one million by mid-2017… [this has led to an increase in spending on its treatment] from US$ 300 million in 2007 to US$ 730 million in 2013 (UNAIDS, 2017).”

• cites UNAIDS, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Residents (not necessarily ex-fisherfolks) rely on stolen petrol from vandalised pipelines to make ends meet, especially in times of fuel scarcity.

“as residents (not necessarily ex-fisherfolks) rely on stolen petrol from the vandalised pipelines to make ends meet, especially in times of fuel scarcity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fisherfolks who engage in illegal fishing believe their actions are in no way illegal, as they are merely doing all they can to make up for reduced catch.

“The fisherfolks who engage in illegal fishing are of the view that their actions are in no way illegal, as they are merely doing all they can to make up for reduced catch.”

May combine two claims.

Oil leakages damage fishing gears and result in decline of select species.

“which damages their fishing gears and result in decline of select species.”

May combine two claims.

Security threats at sea affect coastal communities and threaten their security.

“In addressing security threats at sea in the Gulf of Guinea and beyond, there is the need first to understand how security threats at sea affect coastal communities and threatens their security.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Nigerian state has made efforts to ensure a holistic response to maritime security, evidenced in the Abuja declaration of October 2019 following the Global Maritime Security Conference organised by NIMASA, including enhancing the capacity of the Nigerian Navy and championing regional initiatives aimed at maritime cooperation and enforcement.

“The paper recognizes the efforts of the Nigerian state to ensure a holistic response to maritime security, evidenced in the Abuja declaration of October 2019 following the Global Maritime Security Conference organised by NIMASA, 9 including enhancing the capacity of the Nigerian Navy, as well as championing regional initiatives aimed at maritime cooperation and enforcement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Incidences of pipeline vandalisation are common in the Niger Delta area.

“Incidences of pipeline vandalisation are common in the Niger Delta area”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Fisherfolks in Bonny argue that because areas are marked as off zones by the government without compensation, they have no option than to fish in those restricted areas.

“Nevertheless, they argue that since the areas are usually marked as off zones by the government without compensation, they are faced with no option than to fish in those restricted areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

14.27 per cent of the entire population, of whom 1842 persons, or 7.59 per cent of them, tested positive for HIV.

“14.27 per cent of the entire population, of whom 1842 persons, or 7.59 per cent of them, tested positive for HIV.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Protection and empowerment of the individual are the two essential constituents for actualising human security goals.

“Espousing this view, the UN Human Security Unit (2009) notes that protection and empowerment of the individual are the two essential constituents for actualising human security goals.”

• cites UN Human Security Unit, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The systematic protection and empowerment of individuals can only be provided by the state.

“The connection between human security and the state's role in providing security is thus fundamental, as the systematic protection and empowerment of individuals can only be provided by the state (Commission on Human Security, 2003;Tadjbakhsh, 2009).”

• cites Commission on Human Security, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tadjbakhsh, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The pervasiveness of IUU fishing, together with pollution from multinational oil companies and climate change, exacerbates the depletion of fisheries.

“The pervasiveness of IUU fishing, (together with pollution from the multinational oil companies and climate change) exacerbates the depletion of fisheries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Illegal arms can be used to fuel instability across the region.

“Illegal arms can indeed be used to fuel instability across the region.”

May combine two claims.

Nigeria loses an estimated US$29 million a year to illegal shrimping, equivalent to its annual revenue from shrimp exports.

“According to the Director of Fish Trade at the Nigeria Fisheries Department, Nigeria loses an estimated US$29 millionthe equivalent of its annual revenue from shrimp exports-a year to illegal shrimping.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The number of fishing vessels grew from an estimated 585,000 in 1970 to 4.6 million in 2016.

“The expansion of global fishing fleets in tandem with increasing demand saw the growth of the number of fishing vessels from an estimated 585,000 in 1970 (Battersby, 2014) to 4.6 million in 2016 (FAO, 2018).”

• cites Battersby, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites FAO, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

IUU fishing leads to the reduction of catches for local fisherfolk, and by extension the amount of fish that is available to littoral communities for consumption.

“Adopting this position, the FAO (2001FAO ( , 2002) ) notes that IUU fishing leads to the reduction of catches for local fisherfolk, and by extension the amount of fish that is available to littoral communities for consumption.”

• cites FAO, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites FAO, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although the total cost of IUU fishing to Nigeria's economy is tentative, it robs Nigeria of much-needed revenue to improve its fisheries sector and support coastal communities to build resilience to their vulnerabilities.

“Although the total cost of IUU fishing to the country's economy is tentative, it robs Nigeria of the much-needed revenue to improve its fisheries sector and support coastal communities to build resilience to their vulnerabilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Since fisherfolk's ability to be economically secure is tied to their ability to yield sufficient catches, their economic security is reliant on the health of the marine environment.

“Relatedly, since the ability of the fisherfolk(s) to be economically secure is tied to their ability to yield sufficient catches, then their economic security is reliant on the health of the marine environment.”

May combine two claims.

The reduced catch for fisherfolks and the diminishing size of fish are evidence of the effect of IUU fishing on the environment and livelihoods.

“The reduced catch for fisherfolks, and the diminishing size of fishas perpetuating vessels target areas where the fish breed and, take juvenile fish as they seek to exploit the adult ones illegallyis just some of the evidence of the effect of IUU fishing on the environment and livelihoods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There is a risk of espionage by crew members parading as fishermen, and of gun running by such crew members which are probably used in destabilising the Niger Delta region.

“There is also the risk of espionage by crew members parading themselves as fishermen, and of course gun running by such crew members which are probably used in destabilising the Niger Delta region.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Statements by Nigerian Navy and Cameroonian Navy representatives about arms smuggling and maritime threats are credible.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 2007, in Nigeria alone, the fishing sector employed an estimated two million Nigerians on full time, part time and recreational basis.

“In 2007, in Nigeria alone, the fishing sector employed an estimated two million Nigerians on full time, part time and recreational basis (Nigeria Department of Fisheries, 2007),foot_3 a figure said to have since increased.”

• cites Nigeria Department of Fisheries, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The propensity for IUU fishing vessels to be used in illegal arms smuggling is heightened by the fact that 70 per cent of the estimated 8 million weapons smuggled into West Africa each year end up in Nigeria, making it relatively easy to acquire illegal arms in the country.

“While he was reluctant to give further details, the propensity for IUU fishing vessels to be used in illegal arms smuggling is heightened by the fact that 70 per cent of the estimated 8 million weapons smuggled into West Africa each year, end up in Nigeria (Jimoh and Bashir, 2012), making it relatively easy to acquire illegal arms in the country.”

• cites Jimoh and Bashir, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

IUU fishing presents a direct threat to the national security of coastal states as it is linked to different forms of organised crime, including human and drug smuggling and arms trafficking.

“Based on this definition, it is evident that IUU fishing presents a direct threat to the national security of coastal states as it is linked to different forms of organised crimehuman/drug smuggling, arms trafficking among other illegal activities ( de Coning 2011;Lindley, Percy, and Techera, 2019).”

• cites de Coning 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lindley, Percy, and Techera, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Bycatches are unavoidable with legal fishing, but with IUU fishing they can be quite destructive for the marine environment as juvenile species are needlessly destroyed.

“Bycatches are unavoidable with legal fishing, however, with IUU fishing it can be quite destructive for the marine environment as juvenile species are needlessly destroyed (NIC, 2016).”

• cites NIC, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Illegal fishing vessels are used as a front for smuggling arms into Nigeria, and their activities threaten Nigeria's national security because such illegal arms can be used to fuel violence.

“Elsewhere, the naval representative noted that it is credible that illegal fishing vessels are used as a front for smuggling arms into the country, as a result their activities threaten the national security of Nigeria as such illegal arms can be used to fuel violence.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Statements by Nigerian Navy and Cameroonian Navy representatives about arms smuggling and maritime threats are credible.

May combine two claims.

IUU fishing undermines the human security of coastal communities as its effects are reflected in less catch for fisherfolks, which in turn equates to less fish to sell, and thus hampers their ability to meet the needs of their families.

“IUU fishing undermines the human security of coastal communities as its effects are reflected in less catch for the fisherfolks, which in turn equates to less fish to sell, and thus hampers their ability to meet the needs of their families (The World Bank, 2013;Okafor-Yarwood, 2019).”

• cites The World Bank, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The fisheries sector is a source of direct and indirect employment to an estimated nine million people in West Africa alone.

“The fisheries sector is a source of direct and indirect employment to an estimated nine million people in West Africa alone (Okafor-Yarwood, 2019).”

• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Bycatches are associated with discards, as non-target species are often discarded in the ocean where they decompose and contribute to oxygen-deprived dead zones, thereby worsening the cycle of pollution of the marine environment.

“Bycatches are also associated with discards, as the non-target species are often discarded in the ocean where it decomposes and contributes to oxygen-deprived”

• cites NIC 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hall, Alverson, and Metuzals, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The resulting impact of fisheries depletion is that fisherfolk are driven out of business, and fishmongers, predominantly women, have limited access to enough fish to sell.

“The resulting impact is that the fisherfolk are driven out of business, and for the fishmongers who are predominantly women, their access to enough fish to sell becomes limited.”

May combine two claims.

Threats to economic security in the form of reduced catch can lead to persistent poverty and unemployment in coastal communities, thus undermining the freedom from fear and freedom from want components of their human security.

“It follows that threats to the economic security, in the form of reduced catch, can lead to persistent poverty and unemployment in coastal communities (Pomeroy, 2010;UNCTAD 2017a;Gegout, 2016;Okafor-Yarwood, 2019) thus undermining the”

• cites Pomeroy, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites UNCTAD 2017aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gegout, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The links between the arms trade and IUU fishing could theoretically engender further violence in the future if weapons were to fall into fisherfolks' hands.

“The quote above suggests that the links between the arms trade and IUU fishing could, theoretically -if weapons were to fall into fisherfolks' handsengender further violence in the future.”

May combine two claims.

Ohlsson's assertion that young men and women do not regularly seek immediate rewards in illegal activities and looting as long as society provides livelihoods and social position is valid for many coastal communities in Nigeria whose source of livelihood is undermined by IUU fishing and exacerbated by lack of social provisions such as employment, good health care and quality education.

“Ohlsson's assertion is valid for many in the coastal communities in Nigeria whose source of livelihood is undermined by IUU fishing and exacerbated by lack of social provisions such as employment, good health care and quality education.”

• cites Ohlsson, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The implications of pipeline vandalisation are loss of revenue and the continued pollution of the land and marine environment, which in turn undermines the existence of the Nigerian state, and the source of livelihood for individuals and communities that depend on the environment for subsistence.

“The implications of pipeline vandalisation are loss of revenue and the continued pollution of the land and marine environment, which in turn undermines the existence of the Nigerian state, and the source of livelihood for individuals and communities that depend on the environment for subsistence (Aishatu, Chukwudi, and Hauwa, 2016).”

• cites Aishatu, Chukwudi, and Hauwa, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The cyclic nature of the impact of IUU fishing by commercial/foreign vessels, which results in the depletion of fisheries, is a further threat to human security, undermining 'freedom from want' as artisanal fishers are forced into dangerous waters with potentially further damaging consequences for the environment and thus their livelihoods.

“The cyclic nature of the impact of IUU fishing by commercial/foreign vessels, which results in the depletion of fisheries, is thus a further threat to their human securityundermining”

May combine two claims.

Apart from exposing their personal security to further risk, as has happened in instances where they were mistaken as criminals by vessels and security personnel, there is an increased risk of conflict between them and the fisherfolks of the countries whose fishing grounds they are targeting.

“Apart from exposing their personal security to further risk, as has happened in instances where they were mistaken as criminals by vessels and security personnel, there is an increased risk of conflict between them and the fisherfolks of the countries whose fishing grounds they are targeting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The actions of these fisherfolks stemmed from the absence of any form of support from the government.

“The actions of these fisherfolks stemmed from the absence of any form of support from the government.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sensitivity of the subject means that it is impossible to get anyone to admit to their involvement as they know they risk being arrested by the police.

“The sensitivity of this subject means that it is impossible to get anyone to admit to their involvement as they know they risk being arrested by the police.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Any disturbance to the environment, in the context of depleting fish stock, can potentially have dramatic social consequences.

“As Adger (2006) suggests, any disturbance to the environment (in the context of depleting fish stock) can potentially have dramatic social consequences.”

• cites Adger, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Small-scale fisheries in developing countries such as those in the Gulf of Guinea are generally unregulated, with hardly any reporting system of fishing activities.

“This is because small-scale fisheries in developing countriessuch as those in the Gulf of Guineaare generally unregulated, with hardly any reporting system of fishing activities (FAO, 2001b).”

• cites FAO, 2001bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

According to the Secretary General of the United Nations, IUU fishing encourages and/or has direct links to piracy/armed robbery at sea, a view re-enforced by Denton and Harris (2019) who argue that increased IUU fishing results in increased incidences of piracy in West Africa.

“According to the Secretary General of the United Nations, IUU fishing encourages and/or has direct links to piracy/armed robbery at sea (UNSC, 2016), a view re-enforced by Denton and Harris (2019) who argue that increased IUU fishing results in increased incidences of piracy in West Africa.”

• cites UNSC, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Denton and Harris, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In trying to adapt to the effect of IUU fishing by commercial/foreign vessels, fisherfolks' actions further undermine the sustainability of the marine resources, and the food and economic security of the 'honest' fisherfolks as their catch continues to decrease.

“However, in trying to adapt to the effect of IUU fishing by commercial/foreign vessels, their actions further undermine the sustainability of the marine resources, and the food and economic security of the”

May combine two claims.

Some fisherfolks in Nigeria continuously struggle with the decision to go fishing or not, in the knowledge that they might not catch enough fish to cover fuel costs, and to seek alternative sources of livelihood, including those that threaten the national security of Nigeria and the regional security of the Gulf of Guinea.

“This has resulted in some fisherfolks continuously struggling with the decision to go fishing or not (in the knowledge that they might not catch enough fish to cover their fuel costs) to seek alternative sources of livelihood -including those that threaten the national security of Nigeria, and by extension the regional security of the Gulf of Guinea.”

May combine two claims.

IUU fishing impacts on the state's ability to provide for its people by threatening food security, job security and the income source of littoral communities.

“Encapsulating this position Vreÿ (2015) observes that IUU fishing impacts on the state's ability to provide for its people by threatening food security, job security and the income source of littoral communities.”

• cites Vreÿ, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The national security of Nigeria is threatened by these activities because they hamper the state's ability to meet the fish food security of its growing population, by aggravating the rate of fisheries depletion and putting other fishing communities at risk of fish food-insecurity, and in extreme cases, malnutrition.

“The national security of Nigerian thereof, is threatened by these activities because among other things, they hamper the state's ability to meet the fish foodsecurity of its growing population, by aggravating the rate of fisheries depletion and putting other fishing communities at risk of fish food-insecurity, and in extreme cases, malnutrition (Bennett et al., 2018;UN, 2016).”

• cites Bennett et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites UN, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Local fisheries administrations do not have adequate human and material resources to maintain systematic monitoring.

“As noted earlier, local fisheries administrations do not have adequate human and material resources to maintain systematic monitoring.”

May combine two claims.

The underlying benefit of the ocean economy is threatened by the pervasiveness of IUU fishing, thus making it a national security concern.

“The underlying benefit of the ocean economy is threatened by the pervasiveness of IUU fishingthus making it a national security concern.”

May combine two claims.

The vandalisation of pipelines are actions taken to mitigate the wider impact of IUU fishing and are a threat to the national security of Nigeria.

“The vandalisation of pipelines are actions taken to mitigate the wider impact of IUU fishing and are a threat to the national security of Nigeria.”

May combine two claims.

This development and its attendant effects could potentially lead to a deterioration of the already unstable relationship between Nigeria and Cameroon; there have already been reports of violent clashes between Nigerian fisherfolks and the Cameroonian gendarme.

“This development and its attendant effects should not be underestimated, as it could potentially lead to a deterioration of the already unstable relationship between Nigeria and Cameroon; there have already been reports of violent clashes between the Nigerian fisherfolks and the Cameroonian gendarme (Okafor-Yarwood, 2019).”

• cites Okafor-Yarwood, 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The fisherfolks were reticent to confirm their involvement in this kind of activity.

“It is worth noting that the fisherfolks were reticent to confirm their involvement in this kind of activity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Okonko and Nnodim (2015), of the other local governments in Rivers State, Bonny had the second largest prevalence of HIV infections in 2010.

“According to Okonko and Nnodim (2015) of the other local governments in Rivers State, Bonny had the second largest prevalence of HIV infections in 2010.”

• cites Okonko and Nnodim, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In coastal communities in Kenya, fisherfolk give special access to fish to women with whom they have sex.

“In coastal communities in Kenya, for example, fisherfolk give special access to fish to women with whom they have sex.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The FAO reports that the threat of HIV/Aids is more acute in fishing communities where fisheries are in decline.

“The FAO reports that the threat of HIV/Aids is more acute in fishing communities where fisheries are in decline (FAO, 2006).”

• cites FAO, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The actions of sea robbers also undermine the sustainability of the fish trade in Nigeria through the loss of revenue, and diminishing opportunities for employment, as commercial fishing vessels are leaving the trade.

“The actions of sea robbers also undermine the sustainability of the fish trade in Nigeria through the loss of revenue, and diminishing opportunities for employment, as commercial fishing vessels are leaving the trade.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The more people who fall ill from HIV, the fewer fisherfolks are available to ensure the fish food security of the communities-and in turn, the less fish there is available to the fishmongers.

“Worse still, the more people who fall ill from HIV, the fewer fisherfolks are available to ensure the fish food security of the communitiesand in turn, the less fish there is available to the fishmongers (Seeley and Allison, 2005).”

• cites Seeley and Allison, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

These actions further undermine the safety of other sea farers and the national security of Nigeria through reduced investment and revenue.

“These actions further undermine the safety of other sea farers and the national security of Nigeria through reduced investment and revenue (Onuoha and Hassan, 2009).”

• cites Onuoha and Hassan, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The increased violent attacks against the members of NITOA have resulted in its members seeking to take their business elsewhere, as Nigerian waters though rich in fisheries resources, are now renown as unsafe, and economically intensive.

“The increased violent attacks against the members of NITOA have thus resulted in its members seeking to take their business elsewhere, as Nigerian waters though rich in fisheries resources, are now renown as unsafe, and economically intensive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The practice of 'sex for fish' is common in certain littoral communities due to the decline of species and the resultant competition for the depleting resource.

“The practice of”

May combine two claims.

Piracy/armed robbery have implications on the economic interests and stability of Nigeria, as armed robbery attacks against ships constrict the country's economic viability, as shipping companies began to avoid Nigerian waters.

“Piracy/ armed robbery have implications on the economic interests and stability of Nigeria, as armed robbery attacks against ships constrict the country's economic viability, as shipping companies began to avoid Nigerian waters (Editor, 2019).”

• cites Editor, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Incidences of armed robbery at sea put additional pressures on the maritime security agencies, who are generally under-resourced and ill-equipped to deal with the threat; it also exacerbates the suffering of those who depend on the marine environment for subsistence.

“Overall, incidences of armed robbery at sea puts additional pressures on the maritime security agencies, who are generally under-resourced and ill-equipped to deal with the threat; it also exacerbates the suffering of those who depend on the marine environment for subsistence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The number of participants who disclosed their involvement in sex work is insufficient to draw generalisable conclusions about the extent to which it is representative of women fishmongers' rational responses to the situation across the region.

“Clearly, the correlation between depleting fisheries and sex work needs to be researched further, as the number of participants who disclosed their involvement in sex work is insufficient to draw generalisable conclusions about the extent to which it is representative of women fishmongers' rational responses to the situation across the region.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Women fishmongers in Uganda, Kenya and Zambia reportedly enter into 'sex for fish' transactions solely to be guaranteed supplies of the depleting resource.

“Women fishmongers in Uganda, Kenya and Zambia reportedly enter into”

May combine two claims.

The pervasiveness of HIV in fishing communities such as those in Bonny threatens the sustainability of indigenous knowledge about fisheries resource management, as well as economic growth in the region.

“Therefore, the pervasiveness of HIV in fishing communities such as those in Bonny threatens the sustainability of indigenous knowledge about fisheries resource management, as well as economic growth in the region.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

IUU fishing and its resulting implication, such as depleting fisheries, also threaten the human security of the fishmongers who depend on the fish catch from fisherfolks for subsistence.

“IUU fishing and its resulting implication, such as depleting fisheries, also threaten the human security of the fishmongers who depend on the fish catch from fisherfolks for subsistence.”

May combine two claims.

The traditional mobility of fisherfolks, coupled with increasing incidences of HIV in communities such as Bonny, makes HIV a threat to public health, as the fisherfolks' mobility encourages the spread of the disease to other areas.

“This, coupled with the traditional mobility of fisherfolks makes the increasing incidences of HIV in communities such as Bonny a threat to public health, as the fisherfolks' mobility encourages the spread of the disease to other areas (Seeley and Allison, 2005;Matthews et al., 2012).”

• cites Seeley and Allison, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Matthews et al., 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As Ajayi (2003) posits, many young men and women are driven (or forced) into sex work due to poverty and poor family economic circumstances, which has contributed to the high prevalence of HIV/Aids in Nigeria.

“As Ajayi (2003)(James Olaitan Ajayi 2003) posits, many young men and women are driven (or forced) into sex work due to poverty and poor family economic circumstances, which has contributed to the high prevalence of HIV/Aids in Nigeria.”

• cites Ajayi, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As Matthews et al. (2012) observed, HIV/Aids have severe economic effect as fewer fisherfolks live enough to engage in investments that will encourage growth in their communities.

“As Matthews et al., (Matthews et al., 2012) observed, HIV/Aids have severe economic effect as fewer fisherfolks live enough to engage in investments that will encourage growth in their communities.”

• cites Matthews et al., 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A 'select' number of fisherfolks in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria respond to depleting fisheries by engaging in actions that amount to armed robbery at sea, thereby undermining the national security of Nigeria, as well as threatening the safety of other sea-fearers.

“These submissions have resonance for the situation in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria, whereby a”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There exists already an established linkage between poverty and sex work in Nigeria-especially in the Niger Delta region.

“There exists already an established linkage between poverty and sex work in Nigeriaespecially in the Niger Delta region.”

May combine two claims.

The impact of such attacks against ships is an increase in insurance costs, which also translates into an increase in the price of imported goods.

“The impact of such attacks against ships, is an increase in insurance costs, which also translates into an increase in the price of imported goods (Wardin and Duda, 2013;Onuoha, 2012).”

• cites Wardin and Duda, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Onuoha, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

According to Udoh et al. (2009), environmental degradation has triggered rural-to-urban migration, while fostering sex work and other risky sexual behaviours that make people vulnerable to HIV.

“According to Udoh et al., (2009) this has triggered rural-to-urban migration, while fostering sex work and other risky sexual behaviours that make people vulnerable to HIV.”

• cites Udoh et al., 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Pipeline vandalisation threatens the human security of Nigerians, and by extension the national security of Nigeria, because human and national security are mutually reinforcing and supportive of each other.

“It therefore threatens the human security of Nigerians, and by extension, the national security of Nigeria, as human and national security are mutually reinforcing and supportive of each other (UN Human Security Unit, 2009).”

• cites UN Human Security Unit, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The GDP contributions of the affected population will be diminished due to deteriorating health, which will result in lower productivity.

“The GDP contributions of the affected population will be diminished due to deteriorating health, which will result in lower productivity (Adesina, 2014).”

• cites Adesina, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

IUU fishing as a threat to human security-resulting in fear and want for the fisherfolks/fish mongers-implicitly threatens the national security of Nigeria, as the actions taken by those affected undermines sustainable livelihoods, the security of the maritime space and by extension inhibits the ability of the state to meet the needs of the people.

“The previous sections have shown that IUU fishing as a threat to human securityresulting in fear and want for the fisherfolks/fish mongersimplicitly threatens the national security of Nigeria, as the actions taken by those affected undermines sustainable livelihoods, the security of the maritime space and by extension inhibits the ability of the state to meet the needs of the people.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

As Duffield (2013) notes, incorporating non-military agendas to national security is a good thing, however, other tenets of security such as human security can only be guaranteed within a state that is effective, and having institutions responsive to, and equipped to meet the needs of its people.

“As Duffield (2013) notes, incorporating non-military agendas to national security is a good thing, however, other tenets of security such as human security can only be guaranteed within a state that is effective, and having institutions responsive to, and equipped to meet the needs of its people.”

• cites Duffield, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If efforts are not rooted in improving the welfare of coastal communities, the cycle of insecurity breeding other insecurity will continue.

“Otherwise, the cycle of insecurity breeding other insecurity will continue.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to the UN, countries where the HIV prevalence rate is more than 20 per cent are expected to experience an estimated annual GDP reduction of 1 to 2 per cent.

“This is especially worrying for Nigeria given that according to the UN, countries where the HIV prevalence rate is more than 20 per cent are expected to experience an estimated annual GDP reduction of 1 to 2 per cent (UN, 2001).”

• cites UN, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The effects of depleting fisheries, especially those arising from IUU fishing by commercial and foreign vessels, go beyond stealing fish from some of the world's poorest, to posing a threat to the health security of the wider population, as fishmongers might resort to sex work as an alternative source of livelihood, which exposes them to diseases such as HIV/Aids.

“The effects of depleting fisheries, especially those arising from IUU fishing by commercial and foreign vessels, goes beyond stealing fish from some of the world's poorest, to posing a threat to the health security of the wider population, as fishmongers might resort to sex work as an alternative source of livelihood, which exposes them to diseases such as HIV/Aids”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

If IUU fishing is allowed to continue unabated, it can potentially result in conflict between states as fisherfolks are crossing borders in search of the depleting resource.

“If IUU fishing is allowed to continue unabated, it can potentially result in conflict between states as fisherfolks are crossing borders in search of the depleting resource.”

May combine two claims.

When a country is ineffective in fulfilling its traditional duty of safeguarding its internal features and territory, such a state loses legitimacy, as the people look elsewhere for some form of security.

“The research analysis has shown that when a country is ineffective in fulfilling its traditional duty of safeguarding its internal features and territory, such a state loses legitimacy, as the people look elsewhere for some form of security.”