Trauma-Sensitive Yoga: A Collective Case Study of Women’s Trauma Recovery from Intimate Partner Violence
Abstract
More than 1 in 3 women in the United States experience intimate partner violence (IPV) and many of them develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma-sensitive yoga (TSY), a structured, body-oriented yoga practice, has been reported for its potential to ameliorate PTSD symptoms. The purpose of the study was to examine adult female IPV survivors’ experiences of recovery from IPV and trauma as facilitated by an 8-week TSY intervention using a collective case study research design. Participants ages 26 to 52 from diverse ethnic backgrounds participated in the study’s 4 phases. Measures used include the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale–5, Subjective Units of Distress Scale, pre- and post-interviews, and observations. Analyses reflected a moderate change in participants’ PTSD scores attributed to the TSY intervention. Collective themes that emerged include physiological, emotional, and spiritual benefits. Although exploratory, the study illuminates the potential efficacy of TSY for facilitating multifaceted trauma recovery.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Feasibility and case studies show that trauma-sensitive yoga is a promising intervention specifically for survivors of intimate partner violence, but there are no robust investigations among that population.
“Feasibility and case studies [62,63] show that TSY is a promising intervention specifically for survivors of intimate partner violence, but there are no robust investigations among that population.”
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
The Art of Case Study Research
Johnson, K. E., & Stake, R. E. (1996) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/329758 · Cited by 15,830 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.
Carter, M. J. (2014) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · Cited by 15,154 · see citing works
The art of case study research
Savolainen, R. (1996) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/s0740-8188(96)90053-5 · Cited by 8,168 · see citing works
The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma
van der Kolk, B. A., & Bessel, A. (2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,425 · see citing works
The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma
Ray, A. (2015) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/14-211 · Cited by 2,214 · see citing works
Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000486 · Cited by 1,799 · see citing works
The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system.
Porges, S. W. (2001) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00162-3 · Cited by 1,582 · see citing works
Nonresponse and Dropout Rates in Outcome Studies on PTSD: Review and Methodological Considerations
Schottenbauer, M. A., Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., Tendick, V., & Gray, S. H. (2008) · Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes · doi:10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.134 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Evaluating Single-Subject Treatment Research: Lessons Learned from the Aphasia Literature
Beeson, P. M., & Robey, R. R. (2006) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-006-9013-7 · Cited by 549 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Given the small sample size in this study, participants’ CAPS raw scores are reported alongside the ES, practical, and clinical significance (Beeson & Robey, 2006).”
BackgroundComparison of the PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview Version and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
Foa, E. B., & Tolin, D. F. (2000) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1007781909213 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Social Engagement and Attachment: A Phylogenetic Perspective
PORGES, S. W. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1301.004 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Yoga as an Adjunctive Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
van der Kolk, B. A., Stone, L., West, J., Rhodes, A., Emerson, D., Suvak, M., & Spinazzola, J. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13m08561 · Cited by 389 · cited 4× · see citing works
“This study is aligned with previous intervention studies (Dick et al., 2014; Mitchell et al., 2014; Van der Kolk et al., 2014) that an 8-week TSY intervention can reduce participants’ PTSD scores, although the results of this study need to be carefully considered in the context of the small number…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRecovery from psychological trauma
Herman, J. L. (1998) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.0520s5s145.x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Adams, A. E., Tolman, R. M., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C. M., & Kennedy, A. C. (2012) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801212474294 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Intimate Partner Violence, Depression, and PTSD Among Pregnant Latina Women
Rodriguez, M. A., Heilemann, M. V., Fielder, E., Ang, A., Nevarez, F., & Mangione, C. M. (2008) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.743 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
A Pilot Study of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Yoga as an Intervention for PTSD Symptoms in Women
Mitchell, K. S., Dick, A. M., DiMartino, D. M., Smith, B. N., Niles, B. L., Koenen, K. C., & Street, A. E. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21903 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Trauma-Sensitive Yoga: Principles, Practice, and Research
Emerson, D., Sharma, R., Chaudhry, S., & Turner, J. (2009) · International Journal of Yoga Therapy · doi:10.17761/ijyt.19.1.h6476p8084l22160 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The trauma spectrum: hidden wounds and human resiliency
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-4337 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Overcoming Trauma through Yoga: Reclaiming Your Body
Emerson, D. J., & Hopper, E. K. (2011) · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Dick, A. M., Niles, B. L., Street, A. E., DiMartino, D. M., & Mitchell, K. S. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22104 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Out of Africa: Coping Strategies of African Immigrant Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Ting, L. A. (2010) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399330903348741 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Application of Yoga in Residential Treatment of Traumatized Youth
Spinazzola, J., Rhodes, A. M., Emerson, D. J., Earle, E., & Monroe, K. (2011) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390311418359 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Pupo, M. C., Jorge, M. R., Schoedl, A. F., Bressan, R. A., Andreoli, S. B., Mello, M. F., & Mari, J. D. J. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Calculating and Reporting Estimates of Effect Size in Counseling Outcome Research
Watson, J. C., Lenz, A. S., Schmit, M. K., & Schmit, E. L. (2016) · Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1177/2150137816660584 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Trauma-Sensitive Yoga in Therapy: Bringing the Body into Treatment
Emerson, D. J. (2015) · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Hellmuth, J. C., Jaquier, V., Swan, S. C., & Sullivan, T. P. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22100 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Martinez-Torteya, C., Bogat, G. A., von Eye, A., Levendosky, A. A., & Davidson, W. S. (2009) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.24.6.707 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Jakovljević, M., Brajković, L., Jakšić, N., Lončar, M., Aukst‐Margetić, B., & Lasić, D. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Braun, T. D., Uebelacker, L. A., Ward, M., Holzhauer, C. G., McCallister, K., & Abrantes, A. M. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102729 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lakin, D. P., García-Moreno, C., & Roesch, E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052916 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“• Findings from small studies in high-income contexts demonstrate TSY is a promising intervention specifically for survivors of intimate partner violence, but there are no robust investigations among that population [62,63].”
BackgroundTreating Complex Trauma Survivors: A Trauma-Sensitive Yoga (TSY)-Informed Psychotherapeutic Approach
Ong, I. (2020) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2020.1761498 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mazzio, A. K., Mendoza, N. S., Brown, M. L., Sinha, D. D., Messing, J. T., Wilson, S., & Walton, L. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101427 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Measuring Healing and Recovery After Gender-Based Violence: A Scoping Review
Šinko, L., Dubois, C., & Þorvaldsdóttir, K. B. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241229745 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Braun, T. D., Bhuptani, P. H., O’Keefe, B., Abrantes, A. M., Marsh, E. L., & Holzhauer, C. G. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2301205 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Trauma-Informed Yoga: A Scoping Review
Klukan, K., & Lunsford, D. (2023) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2023.2276148 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Use of Neuroscience in Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): A Scoping Review
Baird, S. L., Tarshis, S., & Messenger, C. (2022) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-022-00840-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Asl, N. R. H., & EMAMVIRDI, R. (2024) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-024-00734-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Qualitative Study to Explore Feasibility of Implementing Seeking Safety and Trauma-Sensitive Yoga
Marsh, T. N., Tahsin, F., Morin, K. A., Linekar, T., Jones, H., & Marsh, D. C. (2025) · Substance Use Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/29768357251350869 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schamp, J., Jauffret‐Roustide, M., Roets, G., Maeyer, J. D., & Vanderplasschen, W. (2025) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2025.2566005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Practices Published in Counseling Journals: A 21-Year Analysis
Gallo, L. L., & Rausch, M. A. (2022) · Counseling and Values · doi:10.1163/2161007x-67020007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yuhas, M. (2020) · Digital Commons-Sarah Lawrence (Sarah Lawrence College)
Adverse childhood experiences and yoga: An integrative approach for healing
Taghavi, I., & Kia‐Keating, M. (2021) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e505462022-001
Šinko, L., Hah, J., Manders, K. B., Arnault, D. S., & Teitelman, A. M. (2024) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012241231775
Sexuality and Spirituality: Can Yoga Intensify Intimacy and Decrease Divorce?
Mikheeva, A., & Agoramoorthy, G. (2025) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_66_24
Polyvagal Theory and Interoception-Based Interventions: Approaches to Strengthen Mental Resilience
Demir, M. U. C., & Hasateş, M. C. (2025) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1609278 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Do Contemplative Practices Promote Trauma Recovery? A Narrative Review from 2018 to 2023
Scafuto, F., Quinto, R. M., Orrù, G., Lazzarelli, A., Ciacchini, R., & Conversano, C. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13222825 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ong, I., Cashwell, C. S., & Downs, H. A.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- Center for Creative Leadership (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ong, Isabelle
- Venue
- Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-01-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-33
- ISSN
- 2150-1378 (ISSN-L)
- 2150-1386
- OpenAlex
- W2924051511
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Chi Sigma Iota Counseling Academic and Professional Honor Society International (2015-2016 Counseling Research Grant)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- trauma-sensitive yoga, intimate partner violence, post-traumatic stress disorder, women survivors, trauma recovery, PTSD symptom reduction, spiritual benefits, emotional benefits, physiological benefits
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review