Analysing N-of-1 observational data in health psychology and behavioural medicine: A 10-step SPSS tutorial for beginners

McDonald, Suzanne; Vieira, Rute; Johnston, Derek W.

doi:10.1080/21642850.2019.1711096

Cited by 43Mental Health Research TopicsStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceStatistical Methods in Epidemiology

Analysing N-of-1 observational data in health psychology and behavioural medicine: A 10-step SPSS tutorial for beginners

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McDonald, Suzanne, Vieira, Rute, Johnston, Derek W.·2020·Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine

DOI 10.1080/21642850.2019.1711096PMC PMC8114402

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Abstract

Background: N-of-1 observational studies can be used to describe natural intra-individual changes in health-related behaviours or symptoms over time, to test behavioural theories and to develop highly personalised health interventions. To date, N-of-1 observational methods have been under-used in health psychology and behavioural medicine. One reason for this may be the perceived complexity of statistical analysis of N-of-1 data.Objective: This tutorial paper describes a 10-step procedure for the analysis of N-of-1 observational data using dynamic regression modelling in SPSS for researchers, students and clinicians who are new to this area. The 10-step procedure is illustrated using real data from an N-of-1 observational study exploring the relationship between pain and physical activity.Conclusion: The availability of a user-friendly and robust statistical technique for the analysis of N-of-1 data using SPSS may foster increased awareness, knowledge and skills and establish N-of-1 designs as a useful methodological tool in health psychology and behavioural medicine.

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A clear consensus to address missing data in SCEDs does not yet exist nor does it feature under the SCRIBE reporting guidelines or risk of bias tools for SCEDs.
“Moreover, a clear consensus to address missing data in SCEDs does not yet exist nor does it feature under the SCRIBE reporting guidelines or risk of bias tools for SCEDs [83,84,85,86].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [85]
Step 2, “identify and impute missing data” (page not provided), explicitly says there is no consensus on addressing missingness in N-of-1 studies. The paper cites the SCRIBE guideline and a risk-of-bias scale in its References, but our copy does not say whether missing-data guidance features in either one. That part of the claim is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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N-of-1 methods in health behaviour research: a systematic review
McDonald, S., Quinn, F. X., O’Brien, N., White, M., Johnston, D. W., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2016) · European Health Psychologist
Self-citation
The state of the art and future opportunities for using longitudinal n-of-1 methods in health behaviour research: a systematic literature overview
McDonald, S., Quinn, F., Vieira, R., O’Brien, N., White, M., Johnston, D. W., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2017) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2017.1316672 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citation
N-of-1 methods: A practical guide to exploring trajectories of behaviour change and designing precision behaviour change interventions
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Personalizing behavioral medicine interventions through N-of-1 studies
Vieira, R., Davidson, K., Kravitz, R., & Kronish, I. (2016) · Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) · doi:10.25405/ncl.34294548
Self-citation
Using N-of-1 methods to study or change health-related behaviour and outcomes: A symposium summary
McDonald, S., & Davidson, K. W. (2016) · European Health Psychologist · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: McDonald, S., Vieira, R., & Johnston, D. W.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
University of Aberdeen (GB)
Corresponding author: McDonald, Suzanne
ORCID: McDonald, Suzanne
Vieira, Rute
Johnston, Derek W.
Venue: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2020-01-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 32-54
ISSN: 2164-2850 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2019.1711096
PMC: PMC8114402
OpenAlex: W3002069580
Cited by: 43
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3
FWCI: 6.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, King’s College London, University of London
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Keywords: N-of-1 design, within-person variability, pain, physical activity, health behavior change

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