Single-case experimental designs: a systematic review of published research and current standards
Open accessAbstract
This article systematically reviews the research design and methodological characteristics of single-case experimental design (SCED) research published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 and 2010. SCEDs provide researchers with a flexible and viable alternative to group designs with large sample sizes. However, methodological challenges have precluded widespread implementation and acceptance of the SCED as a viable complementary methodology to the predominant group design. This article includes a description of the research design, measurement, and analysis domains distinctive to the SCED; a discussion of the results within the framework of contemporary standards and guidelines in the field; and a presentation of updated benchmarks for key characteristics (e.g., baseline sampling, method of analysis), and overall, it provides researchers and reviewers with a resource for conducting and evaluating SCED research. The results of the systematic review of 409 studies suggest that recently published SCED research is largely in accordance with contemporary criteria for experimental quality. Analytic method emerged as an area of discord. Comparison of the findings of this review with historical estimates of the use of statistical analysis indicates an upward trend, but visual analysis remains the most common analytic method and also garners the most support among those entities providing SCED standards. Although consensus exists along key dimensions of single-case research design, and researchers appear to be practicing within these parameters, there remains a need for further evaluation of assessment and sampling techniques and data analytic methods.
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A minimum of 5 points per phase is considered the standard in multiple baseline design.
“A minimum of 5 points per phase is considered the standard in multiple baseline design (Smith 2012).”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty for Autistic Adults: A Single Case Experimental Design Study. (2018) · cites this paper as Smith 2012
The Measurement Standards section says five data points in each phase are necessary for the WWC’s highest rating. It does not present five as a universal minimum for multiple baseline designs: the same passage says WWC, DIV12, and DIV16 require at least three baseline points. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe increasing baseline rates for some incident types may have contributed to the significant declines observed during implementation, but program effects persisted after excluding agencies with significant baseline trends, making regression to the mean a less plausible explanation for the findings.
“The increasing baseline rates for some incident types may have contributed to the significant declines observed during implementation. However, program effects persisted after excluding agencies with significant baseline trends, making regression to the mean a less plausible explanation for our findings (Smith 2012).”
From Intervening at the Setting Level to Prevent Behavioral Incidents in Residential Child Care: Efficacy of the CARE Program Model (2016) · cites this paper as Smith 2012
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSingle case experimental designs provide a pragmatic alternative that can rival randomized controlled trial rigor while requiring fewer participants.
“Single case experimental designs (SCED) provide a pragmatic alternative that, when well-designed and executed, rival the scientific rigor of randomized controlled trials while requiring far fewer participants (Barlow, Nock, & Hersen, 2008; Smith, 2012; Vilardaga, 2014).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy modules: Differential impact on treatment processes and outcomes (2016) · cites this paper as Smith, 2012
The study followed guidelines in the design, analysis and reporting of case series to ensure the method was applied optimally.
“We followed guidelines in the design, analysis and reporting of case series to ensure the method was applied optimally”
From Bringing light into darkness: A multiple baseline mixed methods case series evaluation of Augmented Depression Therapy (ADepT) (2019) · cites this paper as Smith, 2012
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“Even statistically insignificant autocorrelation estimates are generally viewed as sufficient to cause inferential bias when conventional statistics are used (e.g., Busk & Marascuilo, 1988; R. R. Jones et al., 1977; Matyas & Greenwood, 1990).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJöbges, M. (2004) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.016550 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Interrupted time-series analysis with brief single-subject data.
Crosbie, J. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.6.966 · Cited by 220 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For a detailed description of other time-series design and analysis issues, see Borckardt et al. (2008), Box and Jenkins (1970), Crosbie (1993), R. R. Jones et al. (1977), and Velicer and Fava (2003).”
BackgroundEffect size calculations and single subject designs
Olive, M. L., & Smith, B. W. (2004) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/0144341042000301238 · Cited by 220 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…and interpretation is discussed in significant detail elsewhere (e.g., Campbell, 2004; Cohen, 1994; Ferron & Sentovich, 2002; Ferron & Ware, 1995; Kirk, 1996; Manolov & Solanas, 2008; Olive & Smith, 2005; Parker & Brossart, 2003; Robey et al., 1999; Smith et al., in press; Velicer & Fava, 2003).”
Brossart, D. F., Parker, R. I., Olson, E. A., & Mahadevan, L. (2006) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445503261167 · Cited by 217 · cited 3× · see citing works
“These findings are slightly higher than those estimated by Brossart et al. (2006), who estimated statistical analysis is used in about 20% of SCED studies.”
BackgroundResultDrawing valid inferences from case studies.
Kazdin, A. E. (1981) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.49.2.183 · Cited by 215 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The effect of autocorrelation on statistical inference in single-case applications has also been known for quite some time (e.g., R. R. Jones et al., 1977; Kanfer, 1970; Kazdin, 1981; Marshall, 1980).”
BackgroundBartels, J., Douwes, R., de Jong, M. D. T., & Pruyn, A. T. H. (2006) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00478.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Apple, A. L., Billingsley, F. F., Schwartz, I. S., & Carr, E. G. (2005) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/10983007050070010401 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Enhancing Generalized Teaching Strategy Use in Daily Routines by Parents of Children With Autism
Kashinath, S., Woods, J. J., & Goldstein, H. (2006) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2006/036 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Developing and Delivering Practice‐Based Evidence
(2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470687994 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
VIDEO MODELING TO TRAIN STAFF TO IMPLEMENT DISCRETE‐TRIAL INSTRUCTION
Catania, C. N., Almeida, D., Liu‐Constant, B., & Reed, F. D. D. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-387 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Piasecki, T. M., Hufford, M. R., Solhan, M. B., & Trull, T. J. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.1.25 · Cited by 196 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The recent proliferation of EMA and daily diary studies in psychology reported by others (Bolger et al., 2003; Piasecki et al., 2007; Shiffman et al., 2008) suggests that these methods have not yet reached SCED researchers, which could in part have resulted from the long-held supremacy of…”
BackgroundMethodAdolescents With Conduct Disorder Can Be Mindful of Their Aggressive Behavior
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Joy, S. D. S., Winton, A. S. W., Sabaawi, M., Wahler, R. G., & Singh, J. (2007) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/10634266070150010601 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Scattone, D., Tingstrom, D. H., & Wilczynski, S. (2006) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576060210040201 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Review: single-subject clinical-outcome research: designs, data, effect sizes, and analyses
ROBEY, R. R., SCHULTZ, M. C., CRAWFORD, A. B., & SINNER, C. A. (1999) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/026870399402028 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2001) · Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association · doi:10.7547/87507315-91-8-437 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Experience Sampling: Promises and Pitfalls, Strength and Weaknesses
Scollon, C. N., Prieto, C. K., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_8 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Single-participant research design: Bringing science to managed care.
Morgan, D. L., & Morgan, R. K. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.2.119 · Cited by 189 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…of the SCED in naturalistic studies to increase the ecological validity of empirical findings (e.g., Bloom, Fisher, & Orme, 2003; Borckardt et al., 2008; Dattilio et al., 2010; Jacobsen & Christensen, 1996; Kazdin, 2008; Morgan & Morgan, 2001; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodHetzroni, O. E., & Tannous, J. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022602.40506.bf · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy: How well can clinical trials do the job?
Jacobson, N. S., & Christensen, A. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.10.1031 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
TIME‐SERIES ANALYSIS IN OPERANT RESEARCH1
Jones, R. R., Vaught, R. S., & Weinrott, M. R. (1977) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-151 · Cited by 187 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Jones et al., 1977; Sharpley, 1987); Huitema’s (1985) review of 881 experiments published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis resulted in a modal number of three to four baseline points. Center et al. (1986) suggested five as the minimum number of baseline measurements needed to accurately estimate autocorrela…”
BackgroundInfluentialStormont, M. A., Smith, S. C., & Lewis, T. J. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-007-9040-3 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Interrupted time-series analysis with brief single-subject data.
Crosbie, J. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.6.966 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Howard, R. (1982) · Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons (Case Western Reserve University) · Cited by 184 · see citing works
The Effect of Visual Performance Feedback on Teacher Use of Behavior-Specific Praise
Reinke, W. M., Lewis-Palmer, T., & Martin, E. J. (2007) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445506288967 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
A Methodology for the Quantitative Synthesis of Intra-Subject Design Research
Skiba, R. J., & Casey, A. (1985) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/002246698501900404 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Behavioural treatment to reduce sleep problems in children with autism or fragile X syndrome
Weiskop, S., Richdale, A. L., & Matthews, J. M. (2005) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162205000186 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The null-space-based behavioral control for autonomous robotic systems
Antonelli, G., Arrichiello, F., & Chiaverini, S. (2007) · Intelligent Service Robotics · doi:10.1007/s11370-007-0002-3 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Social Interaction and Repetitive Motor Behaviors
Loftin, R. L., Odom, S. L., & Lantz, J. F. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0499-5 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The state of the science in the meta-analysis of single-case experimental designs
Shadish, W. R., Rindskopf, D. M., & Hedges, L. V. (2008) · Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention · doi:10.1080/17489530802581603 · Cited by 180 · cited 5× · see citing works
“SCEDs have been given short shrift in the majority of meta-analytic literature (Littell, Corcoran, & Pillai, 2008; Shadish et al., 2008), with only a few exceptions (Carr et al., 1999; Horner & Spaulding, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStatistical Comparison of Four Effect Sizes for Single-Subject Designs
Campbell, J. M. (2004) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445503259264 · Cited by 178 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A range of concerns regarding single-case effect size calculation and interpretation is discussed in significant detail elsewhere (e.g., Campbell, 2004; Cohen, 1994; Ferron & Sentovich, 2002; Ferron & Ware, 1995; Kirk, 1996; Manolov & Solanas, 2008; Olive & Smith, 2005; Parker & Brossart, 2003;…”
BackgroundResultBULLY PREVENTION IN POSITIVE BEHAVIOR SUPPORT
Ross, S. W., & Horner, R. H. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-747 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Treating Cockroach Phobia With Augmented Reality
Botella, C., Bretón-López, J., Quero, S., Baños, R., & García-Palacios, A. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.07.002 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Burke, R. V., Andersen, M. N., Bowen, S. L., Howard, M. R., & Allen, K. D. (2010) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.07.023 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Evaluation: A systematic approach, 5th ed.
Rossi, P. H., & Freeman, H. E. (1993) · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Morrison, L. F., Kamps, D. M., García, J., & Parker, D. A. (2001) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/109830070100300405 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
VIDEO MODELING BY EXPERTS WITH VIDEO FEEDBACK TO ENHANCE GYMNASTICS SKILLS
Boyer, E., Miltenberger, R. G., Batsche, C. J., & Fogel, V. A. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-855 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Ingersoll, B. R., Lewis, E., & Kroman, E. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0221-z · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Assessment and Implementation of Positive Behavior Support in Preschools
Benedict, E. A., Horner, R. H., & Squires, J. (2007) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/02711214070270030801 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Increasing on-task behavior in the classroom: Extension of self-monitoring strategies
Amato-Zech, N. A., Hoff, K. E., & Doepke, K. J. (2006) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20137 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Woods, J. J., Kashinath, S., & Goldstein, H. (2004) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/105381510402600302 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
TEACHING CHILDREN WITH AUTISM TO RESPOND TO AND INITIATE BIDS FOR JOINT ATTENTION
Taylor, B. A., & Hoch, H. (2008) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2008.41-377 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Gena, Α., Couloura, S., & Kymissis, E. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0014-9 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Yoga as an Intervention for Children With Attention Problems
Peck, H. L., Kehle, T. J., Bray, M. A., & Theodore, L. A. (2005) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2005.12086295 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Ciemins, E. L., Blum, L., Nunley, M., Lasher, A., & Newman, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2007.0065 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Improving Patrons' Meal Selections Through the Use of Point-of-Selection Nutrition Labels
Chu, Y. H., Frongillo, E. A., Jones, S. J., & Kaye, G. L. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.153205 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Sibling-Mediated Social Interaction Intervention for Young Children With Autism
Tsao, L., & Odom, S. L. (2006) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/02711214060260020101 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Dattilio, F. M., Edwards, D. J. A., & Fishman, D. B. (2010) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0021181 · Cited by 144 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of the SCED in naturalistic studies to increase the ecological validity of empirical findings (e.g., Bloom, Fisher, & Orme, 2003; Borckardt et al., 2008; Dattilio et al., 2010; Jacobsen & Christensen, 1996; Kazdin, 2008; Morgan & Morgan, 2001; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen et al., 2004).”
BackgroundFrea, W. D., Arnold, C. L., & Vittimberga, G. L. (2001) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/109830070100300401 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Evaluating Single-Case Research Data: A Comparison of Seven Statistical Methods
Parker, R. I., & Brossart, D. F. (2003) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(03)80013-8 · Cited by 144 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The most recent studies of this kind, performed by Brossart et al. (2006), Campbell (2004), Parker and Brossart (2003), and Parker and Vannest (2009), found that the more promising available statistical analysis methods yielded moderately different results on the same data series, which led them to…”
ResultTrembath, D. L., Balandin, S., Togher, L., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.1080/13668250902845210 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Zeoli, A. M., & Webster, D. W. (2010) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2009.024620 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Choate-Summers, M. L., Pincus, D. B., Eyberg, S. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2005) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(05)80047-1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Using a Modified Social Story to Decrease Disruptive Behavior of a Child With Autism
Crozier, S., & Tincani, M. (2005) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576050200030301 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Domains of Experience: Investigating Relationship Processes From Three Perspectives
Davis, K. E., Kirkpatrick, L. A., Levy, M. B., & O’Hearn, R. E. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203772065-9 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Ingersoll, B. R., & LaLonde, K. B. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/09-0043 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Himle, M. B., Woods, D. W., Conelea, C. A., Bauer, C. C., & Rice, K. A. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.007 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Recovering From Spousal Bereavement in Later Life: Does Volunteer Participation Play a Role?
Li, Y. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/62.4.s257 · Cited by 135 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Numerous approaches exist for handling missing observations in group multivariate designs (e.g., Horton & Kleinman, 2007; Ibrahim, Chen, Lipsitz, & Herring, 2005).”
BackgroundCass, M., Cates, D. L., Smith, M. C., & Jackson, C. (2003) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/1540-5826.00067 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Stone, A. A., Broderick, J. E., Kaell, A. T., DelesPaul, P. A. E. G., & Porter, L. E. (2000) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1054/jpai.2000.7568 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Leblanc, M.-P., Ricciardi, J. N., & Luiselli, J. K. (2005) · Education and Treatment of Children · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Drager, K. D. R., Postal, V. J., Carrolus, L., Castellano, M., Gagliano, C., & Glynn, J. (2006) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2006/012 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Controlling baseline trend in single-case research.
Parker, R. I., Cryer, J., & Byrns, G. (2006) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/h0084131 · Cited by 130 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The effect of baseline trend on visual analysis, and a technique to control baseline trend, are offered by Parker et al. (2006).”
MethodTreatment of Severe Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Treatment Efficacy Study.
Strand, E. A., Stoeckel, R. E., & Baas, B. S. (2006) · Journal of medical speech-language pathology · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Toilet Training for Children with Autism: The Effects of Video Modeling
Keen, D., Brannigan, K. L., & Cuskelly, M. (2007) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-007-9044-x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Preparing psychologists for evidence-based school practice: Lessons learned and challenges ahead.
Kratochwill, T. R. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.8.829 · Cited by 126 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…2010; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen, Novotny, & Thompson-Brenner, 2004) has renewed researchers’ interest in SCEDs as a means to assess intervention outcomes (e.g., Borckardt et al., 2008; Dattilio, Edwards, & Fishman, 2010; Horner et al., 2005; Kratochwill, 2007; Kratochwill & Levin, 2010).”
BackgroundOslin, D. W., Cary, M. S., Slaymaker, V., Colleran, C., & Blow, F. C. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.009 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Statistical Power of Randomization Tests Used with Multiple-Baseline Designs
Ferron, J. M., & Sentovich, C. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220970209599504 · Cited by 125 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…regarding single-case effect size calculation and interpretation is discussed in significant detail elsewhere (e.g., Campbell, 2004; Cohen, 1994; Ferron & Sentovich, 2002; Ferron & Ware, 1995; Kirk, 1996; Manolov & Solanas, 2008; Olive & Smith, 2005; Parker & Brossart, 2003; Robey et al., 1999;…”
BackgroundPetscher, E. S., & Bailey, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2006.02-05 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Mindful staff increase learning and reduce aggression in adults with developmental disabilities
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S. W., Curtis, W. J., Wahler, R. G., Sabaawi, M., Singh, J., & McAleavey, K. (2005) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.07.002 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Schilling, D. L., Washington, K. A., Billingsley, F. F., & Deitz, J. C. (2003) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.57.5.534 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Vichi, C., Andery, M. A. P. A., & Glenn, S. S. (2009) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.5210/bsi.v18i1.2292 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Ahearn, W. H. (2003) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2003.36-361 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Schneider, N., & Goldstein, H. (2009) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300709334198 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Rosales, R., Stone, K., & Rehfeldt, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-541 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Vidoni, C., & Ward, P. B. (2009) · Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/17408980802225818 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2007) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250707000204 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
An Internet-based abstinence reinforcement treatment for cigarette smoking
Dallery, J., Glenn, I. M., & Raiff, B. R. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.013 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Hayward, D. W., Eikeseth, S., Gale, C. M., & Morgan, S. (2009) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309340029 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Singh, N., Lancioni, G., Winton, A., Singh, A. N. A., Adkins, A. D., & Singh, J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00488.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF VIDEO MODELING ON TREATMENT INTEGRITY OF BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS
Reed, F. D. D., Codding, R. S., Catania, C. N., & Maguire, H. (2010) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2010.43-291 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Heering, P. W., & Wilder, D. A. (2006) · Education and Treatment of Children · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Alloy, L. B., Just, N., & Panzarella, C. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021878516875 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Autocorrelation in applied behavior analysis: A myth.
Huitema, B. E. (1985) · Behavioral Assessment · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Therapist-aided exposure for women with lifelong vaginismus: A replicated single-case design.
ter Kuile, M. M., Bulté, I., Weijenborg, P. T. M., Beekman, A., Melles, R. J., & Onghena, P. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014273 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Zimmerman, R. S., Palmgreen, P., Noar, S. M., Lustria, M. L. A., Lu, H., & Horosewski, M. L. (2007) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198107299700 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Leaf, J. B., Taubman, M. T., Bloomfield, S., Palos-Rafuse, L., Leaf, R. B., McEachin, J. J., & Oppenheim‐Leaf, M. L. (2008) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2008.07.003 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Daily stress, cortisol, and sleep: The moderating role of childhood psychosocial environments.
Hanson, M. D., & Chen, E. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019879 · Cited by 107 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…processes (Stout, 2007; Tschacher & Ramseyer, 2009), and the relationship between psychological symptoms (e.g., Alloy, Just, & Panzarella, 1997; Hanson & Chen, 2010; Oslin, Cary, Slaymaker, Colleran, & Blow, 2009), and might be capable of revealing mechanisms of change (Kazdin, 2007, 2009,…”
BackgroundTHE EFFECTS OF PARENT‐IMPLEMENTED PECS TRAINING ON IMPROVISATION OF MANDS BY CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Chaabane, D. B. B., Alber‐Morgan, S. R., & DeBar, R. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-671 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Miguel, C. F., Pétursdóttir, A. I., & Carr, J. E. (2005) · The Analysis of Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf03393008 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Semantic feature analysis treatment in Spanish–English and French–English bilingual aphasia
Kiran, S., & Roberts, P. M. (2010) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030902958365 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Ingersoll, B. R., Dvortcsak, A., Whalen, C., & Sikora, D. M. (2005) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576050200040301 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Hitchcock, C. H., Prater, M. A., & Dowrick, P. W. (2004) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1593644 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Removing bridge barriers stimulates suicides: an unfortunate natural experiment
Beautrais, A. L., Gibb, S. J., Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Larkin, G. L. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670902873714 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Weisz, J. R., & Hawley, K. M. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2702_7 · Cited by 105 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Six sources are discussed: (1) Single-Case Design Technical Documentation from the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC; Kratochwill et al., 2010); (2) the APA Division 12 Task Force on Psychological Interventions, with contributions from the Division 12 Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures a…”
MethodTincani, M., Crozier, S., & Alazetta, L. (2006) · Education and training in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1177/215416470604100208 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
RACIAL THREAT, PARTISAN POLITICS, AND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRISON ADMISSIONS: A PANEL ANALYSIS*
Keen, B., & Jacobs, D. (2009) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00143.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Wagenaar, A. C., Maldonado‐Molina, M. M., Erickson, D. J., Ma, L., Tobler, A. L., & Komro, K. A. (2007) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2007.01.003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF TEACHER GREETINGS ON STUDENT ON‐TASK BEHAVIOR
Allday, R. A., & Pakurar, K. (2007) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2007.86-06 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Script training and automaticity in two individuals with aphasia
Youmans, G. L., Holland, A. L., Muñoz, M. L., & Bourgeois, M. S. (2005) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030444000877 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Banda, D. R., Hart, S. L., & Liu‐Gitz, L. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.12.005 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Beyond “ESTs”: Problematic assumptions in the pursuit of evidence-based practice.
Wachtel, P. L. (2010) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020532 · Cited by 102 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Skepticism about the clinical utility of the randomized controlled trial (e.g., Jacobson & Christensen, 1996; Wachtel, 2010; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen, Novotny, & Thompson-Brenner, 2004) has renewed researchers’ interest in SCEDs as a means to assess intervention outcomes (e.”
BackgroundEquivalence and Differences Between Structural Equation Modeling and State-Space Modeling Techniques
Chow, S., Ho, M.-H. R., Hamaker, E. L., & Dolan, C. V. (2010) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511003661553 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Increasing social responsiveness in a child with autism
Finnigan, E., & Starr, E. M. (2010) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309357747 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Function-Based Academic Interventions for Problem Behavior
Filter, K. J., & Horner, R. H. (2008) · Education and Treatment of Children · doi:10.1353/etc.0.0043 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Hall, L. J., Grundon, G. S., Pope, C. J., & Romero, A. B. (2009) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.294 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Conroy, M. A., Asmus, J. M., Sellers, J. A., & Ladwig, C. N. (2005) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576050200040401 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Köhler, F., Greteman, C., Raschke, D. B., & Highnam, C. L. (2007) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/02711214070270030601 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Treatment of aphasia through family member training
Simmons‐Mackie, N. N., Kearns, K. P., & Potechin, G. (2005) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030444000408 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Riesen, T., McDonnell, J. J., Johnson, J. W., Polychronis, S. C., & Jameson, J. M. (2003) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1023/a:1026076406656 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Strong, A., Wehby, J. H., Falk, K. B., & Lane, K. L. (2004) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2004.12086268 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Ganz, J. B., & Flores, M. M. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0602-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Using Technology to Deliver Immediate Corrective Feedback to Preservice Teachers
Scheeler, M. C., & Lee, D. L. (2002) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1023/a:1021158805714 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Pasiali, V. (2004) · Music Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1093/mtp/22.1.11 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Intensive Outpatient Behavioral Treatment of Primary Urinary Incontinence of Children With Autism
Leblanc, L. A., Carr, J. E., Crossett, S. E., Bennett, C. M., & Detweiler, D. D. (2005) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576050200020601 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Intensive speech and language therapy for older children with cerebral palsy: a systems approach
Pennington, L., Miller, N., Robson, S., & Steen, N. (2009) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03366.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Empirically Supported Complexity
Westen, D., & Bradley, R. G. (2005) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00378.x · Cited by 97 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…of the SCED in naturalistic studies to increase the ecological validity of empirical findings (e.g., Bloom, Fisher, & Orme, 2003; Borckardt et al., 2008; Dattilio et al., 2010; Jacobsen & Christensen, 1996; Kazdin, 2008; Morgan & Morgan, 2001; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSarokoff, R. A., & Sturmey, P. (2007) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2007.04.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 28
- Diggle P Liang KY 2001 Analyses of longitudinal data New York Oxford University Press
- Kratochwill TR Chair Members of the Task Force on Evidence-Based Interventions in School Psychology 2003 Procedural and coding manual for review of evidence-based interventions Retrieved July 18, 2011 from http://www.sp-ebi.org/documents/_workingfiles/EBImanual1.pdf
- Andrews-Salvia M Roy N Cameron RM 2003 Evaluating the effects of memory books for individuals with severe dementia Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology 11 1 51 59
- Ardoin SP McCall M Klubnik C 2007 Promoting generalization of oral reading fluency: Providing drill versus practice opportunities Journal of Behavioral Education 16 1 55 70
- Bermúdez-Ornelas G Hernández-Guzmán L 2008 Tratamiento de una sesión de la fobia específica a las arañas en niños [Treatment of a session of phobia to spiders in children] International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology 8 3 779 791
- Bliss SL Skinner CH Adams R 2006 Enhancing an English language learning fifth-grade student’s sight-word reading with a time-delay taped-words intervention School Psychology Review 35 4 663 670
- Cho H Wilke DJ 2005 How has the Violence Against Women Act affected the response of the criminal justice system to domestic violence? Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 32 4 125 139
- Clarfield J Stoner G 2005 Research brief: The effects of computerized reading instruction on the academic performance of students identified with ADHD School Psychology Review 34 2 246 254
- Dojo Y Tanaka-Matsumi J Inoue N 2004 Effect of goal setting with a target behavior card on class preparation behavior of children in a regular classroom The Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis 19 2 148 160
- Endo Y Ohkubo K Gomi Y Noguchi M Takahashi N Takei S Noro F 2007 Application of interdependent group-oriented contingencies to cleaning behaviors of students in an elementary school: Effects of class-wide intervention and social validity The Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis 22 1 17 30
- Feather JS Ronan KR 2006 Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy for abused children with posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study New Zealand Journal of Psychology 35 3 132 145
- Fujita Y Hasegawa Y 2003 Weight control: Selection of low-calorie food The Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis 18 1 3 9
- Gyovai LK Cartledge G Kourea L Yurick A Gibson L 2009 Early reading intervention: Responding to the learning needs of young at-risk English language learners Learning Disability Quarterly 32 3 143 162
- Hastie PA Sharpe T 2006 Implementation guidelines: Introducing a changing-criterion design to hold students accountable in structured physical activity settings Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools 7 1 89 91
- Hirasawa N Fujiwara Y Yamane M 2009 Physical arrangements and staff implementation of function-based interventions in school and community settings Japanese Journal of Special Education 46 6 435 446
- Hirayoshi S Nakajima S 2003 Do rats press the lever for longer than the required duration?: Differential reinforcement of response duration and response topography The Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis 18 2 99 107
- Killu K Weber KP McLaughlin TF 2001 An evaluation of repeated readings across various counting periods of see to think, think to say, and think to write channels with a university student with learning disabilities Journal of Precision Teaching & Celeration 17 2 39 57
- Li Q Wang X-C Cheng L-G 2008 Multiple-baseline design on pretend game for the rectification of children’s aggressive behavior Chinese Mental Health Journal 22 3 175 178
- Matchett DL Burns MK 2009 Increasing word recognition fluency with an English-language learner Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools 10 2 194 206
- Okuda K 2005 Behavioral consultation services for school-refusal students with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders: Token economy and changing reinforcement criteria The Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis 20 1 2 12
- Okuyama T Isawa S 2010 Right-left discrimination from one’s own and another person’s viewpoint in children with autism: Higher-order conditional discrimination and generalization of viewpoint Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis 24 2 2 16
- Ota K 2010 Self-recording and accuracy of writing responses by students with developmental disabilities Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis 24 2 17 29
- Saecker LB Skinner CH Sager-Brown K Roberts AS 2009 Using responsiveness data and learning theories to modify interventions: Cover, copy, and compare to enhance number-writing accuracy Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools 10 2 171 187
- Sakamoto M Muto T Mochizuki A 2003 Enhancing the self-determination of students with autism: Evaluation of a training package for teachers The Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis 18 1 25 37
- Salem S Fazzio D Arnal L Fregeau P Thomson K Martin GL Yu CT 2009 A self-instructional package for teaching university students to conduct discrete-trials teaching with children with autism Journal on Developmental Disabilities 15 1 21 29
- Schneider N Goldstein H 2009 Social Stories™ improve the on-task behavior for children with language impairment Journal of Early Intervention 31 3 250 264
- Smith JD Handler L Nash MR 2010 Therapeutic assessment for preadolescent boys with oppositional defiant disorder: A replicated single-case time-series design Psychological Assessment 22 3 593 602 10.1037/a0019697 20822271 · DOI
- Watanabe T Kanayama Y Muto T 2007 Improving communication between regular class teachers and teaching assistants: Increasing teachers’ comments by modifying communication cards The Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis 22 1 39 48
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Appelbaum, M., Cooper, H., Kline, R. B., Mayo-Wilson, E., Nezu, A. M., & Rao, S. M. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000191 · Cited by 1,449 · see citing works
Brysbaert, M. (2019) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.72 · Cited by 996 · see citing works
Evaluating Intervention Effects in Single‐Case Research Designs
Vannest, K. J., & Ninci, J. (2015) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12038 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Francis, A. W., Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2016) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.05.003 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Graham, C. D., Gouick, J., Krahé, C., & Gillanders, D. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.009 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Krasny‐Pacini, A., & Evans, J. J. (2017) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2017.12.002 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
An Improved Rank Correlation Effect Size Statistic for Single-Case Designs: Baseline Corrected Tau
Tarlow, K. R. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445516676750 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“Single-case time-series experiments are an increasingly popular method of scientific inquiry (Smith, 2012), and, like RCTs, they can demonstrate the causal effects of treatments (APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice, 2006; Barlow & Hersen, 1984; D.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonalized Models of Psychopathology
Wright, A. G. C., & Woods, W. C. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-102419-125032 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Vandenbroucke, L., Spilt, J. L., Verschueren, K., Piccinin, C., & Baeyens, D. (2017) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654317743200 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“To this end, experimental studies could be used, as well as micro trials (Leijten et al., 2015) or single–case study designs (Smith, 2012).”
MethodTate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., McDonald, S., Togher, L., Shadish, W., Horner, R., Kratochwill, T., Barlow, D. H., Kazdin, A., et al. (2016) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000027 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“plementary rather than mutually exclusive (Maggin & Odom, 2014; Parker & Brossart, 2003; White, Rusch, Kazdin, & Hartmann, 1989) and should, arguably, be used in combination (Davis et al., 2013; Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDesign-Comparable Effect Sizes in Multiple Baseline Designs
Pustejovsky, J. E., Hedges, L. V., & Shadish, W. R. (2014) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998614547577 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“This would effectively down-weight evidence from SCDs with very small numbers of cases, in a meta-analysis that included evidence from multiple types of designs.”
MethodInfluentialMcDonald, S., Quinn, F., Vieira, R., O’Brien, N., White, M., Johnston, D. W., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2017) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2017.1316672 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“…et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2014; MacPherson et al., 2016; McCrae et al., 2005; Norberg et al., 2014; Payne et al., 2013; Penica & Williams, 2008; Piven & Duran, 2014; Romero, 2010; Sevick et al., 2005; Smith, 2012b; Sonnier, 2002; Soroudi et al., 2008; Ward et al., 2010; Yngman-Uhlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialInterpreting Kendall’s Tau and Tau- <i>U</i> for single-case experimental designs
Brossart, D. F., Laird, V. C., & Armstrong, T. W. (2018) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2018.1518687 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Rakap, S. (2015) · British Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1111/1467-8578.12091 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Aydın, O., & Yassikaya, M. Y. (2021) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-021-00284-0 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Data for the reliability analysis When determining the data sample for conducting the present study, we set specific criteria based on the review studies conducted by Shadish and Sullivan (2011) and Smith (2012) to identify the characteristics of the single-case designs used in the articles.”
MethodInfluentialThe Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D. H., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.2016.96.7.e1 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“, Journal of Behavioral Education in 2012, Remedial and Special Education in 2013, the Journal of School Psychology and Neuropsychological Rehabilitation in 2014, Aphasiology in 2015) and methodological quality recommendations (Horner et al., 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2013; Maggin et al., 2014; Smith, 2012; Tate et al…”
BackgroundThe Challenges and Opportunities of Small Effects: The New Normal in Academic Psychiatry
Paulus, M. P., & Thompson, W. K. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4540 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Hagopian, L. P. (2020) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.691 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“Among all of the design elements discussed above, the characterization of participants appears to have received the most attention in discussion on SCEDs (Kazdin, 2011; Kratochwill & Stoiber, 2002; Smith, 2012) and is among the recommended reporting requirements of Single Case Reporting Guideline In Behavioral Interve…”
BackgroundShadish, W. R., Kyse, E. N., & Rindskopf, D. M. (2013) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0032964 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Both Shadish and Sullivan (2011) and Smith (2012), for example, found that the average SCD had more cases and more time points than the minimum required by the SCD.”
BackgroundMethodThe Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement.
Tate, R., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.04.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“comparable frequency to between-groups research in the aphasiology, education, psychology, and neurorehabilitation literature (Beeson & Robey, 2006; Perdices & Tate, 2009; Shadish & Sullivan, 2011), evidence of inadequate and incomplete reporting is documented in multiple surveys of this literature in different popula…”
BackgroundResultThreats to Internal Validity in Multiple-Baseline Design Variations
Slocum, T. A., Pinkelman, S. E., Joslyn, P. R., & Nichols, B. (2022) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-022-00326-1 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Smith (2012) found that SCD was reported in 143 different journals that span a variety of fields such as behavior analysis, psychology, education, speech, and pain management; across these fields, multiple baselines account for 69% of SCDs.”
BackgroundAcceptance and Commitment Therapy modules: Differential impact on treatment processes and outcomes
Villatte, J. L., Vilardaga, R., Villatte, M., Plumb Vilardaga, J. C., Atkins, D. C., & Hayes, S. C. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.001 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Single case experimental designs (SCED) provide a pragmatic alternative that, when well-designed and executed, rival the scientific rigor of randomized controlled trials while requiring far fewer participants (Barlow, Nock, & Hersen, 2008; Smith, 2012; Vilardaga, 2014).”
BackgroundInterrater Agreement Between Visual Analysts of Single-Case Data
Ninci, J., Vannest, K. J., Willson, V. L., & Zhang, N. (2015) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515581327 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Email: jninci@tamu.edu Ninci et al. 511 In research and practice, visual analysis is the most widely used and recommended method for interpretation of single-case data (Gast, 2010; Kennedy, 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2010, 2013; Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodShadish, W. R., Zelinsky, N. A. M., Vevea, J. L., & Kratochwill, T. R. (2016) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.308 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Recommendations for Choosing Single-Case Data Analytical Techniques.
Manolov, R., & Moeyaert, M. (2017) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.04.008 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Thus, the lack of clear consensus (Kratochwill et al., 2010; Smith, 2012; Tate et al., 2013) and indications suggest that the current paper is necessary, as we consider that more discussion is needed apart from more research (Gage & Lewis, 2013).”
BackgroundComparing Visual and Statistical Analysis in Single-Case Studies Using Published Studies
Harrington, M., & Velicer, W. F. (2015) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2014.973989 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“This journal was selected because it is a leading journal on the topic used by applied researchers, and it strongly promotes the use of VA rather than quantitative analysis methods (Shadish & Sullivan, 2011; Smith, 2012).”
Optimising the design of intervention studies: critiques and ways forward
Howard, D., Best, W., & Nickels, L. (2015) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2014.985884 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Smith (2012) provides a synthesis of guidelines for single-case experimental designs (SCEDs).”
BackgroundInfluentialSingle-case design standards: An update and proposed upgrades
Kratochwill, T. R., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Machalicek, W., Ferron, J. M., & Johnson, A. H. (2021) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2021.10.006 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hunter, C. L., Funderburk, J. S., Polaha, J., Bauman, D. E., Goodie, J. L., & Hunter, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-017-9512-0 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“…health providers who may not have support for a larger research effort, but are interested in examining specific clinical interventions/programs they are developing and implementing as a part of their PCBH model care delivery (see Smith, 2012 for more information on single-subject designs).”
BackgroundThe Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement
Tate, R., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2016.704002 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…is documented in multiple surveys of this literature in different populations (Barker, Mellalieu, McCarthy, Jones, & Moran, 2013; Didden, Korzilius, van Oorsouw, & Sturmey, 2006; Maggin, Chafouleas, Goddard, & Johnson, 2011; Smith, 2012; Tate, Perdices, McDonald, Togher, & Rosenkoetter, 2014).”
Accounting for Confounding in Observational Studies
D'Onofrio, B. M., Sjölander, A., Lahey, B. B., Lichtenstein, P., & Öberg, A. S. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045030 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Using generalized additive (mixed) models to analyze single case designs
Shadish, W. R., Zuur, A. F., & Sullivan, K. J. (2013) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2013.11.004 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“We have not seen such an outcome used in SCD research in surveys of the literature (Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundTate, R. L., Perdices, M., McDonald, S., Togher, L., & Rosenkoetter, U. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2013.875043 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“This development is part of a renewed interest in single-case experimental methodology which Smith (2012) describes as “poised for resurgence”.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDessemontet, R. S., Martinet, C., de Chambrier, A.-F., Martini‐Willemin, B., & Audrin, C. (2019) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2019.01.001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Heyvaert, M., & Onghena, P. (2014) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.10.002 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“…statistics, such as deficient performance in the presence of data outliers in the baseline phase, insensitivity to data trends and variability in the data, and insensitivity to differences in the magnitude of effect (Maggin et al., 2011; Smith, 2012; Wolery, Busick, Reichow, & Barton, 2010).”
BackgroundDesigns and methods for implementation research: Advancing the mission of the CTSA program
Hwang, S., Birken, S. A., Melvin, C. L., Rohweder, C. L., & Smith, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2020.16 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“To increase power and internal validity of within-site studies, interrupted time-series designs can be used [47].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSystematic Protocols for the Visual Analysis of Single-Case Research Data
Wolfe, K., Barton, E. E., & Meadan, H. (2019) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-019-00336-7 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Smith (2012) reported that authors in fewer than half of the SCR studies published between 2000 and 2010 (n = 409) identified the analytic method they used; only 28.1% explicitly stated that they used visual analysis.”
BackgroundInfluentialStatistical Analyses of Single-Case Designs
Shadish, W. R. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414524773 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“all published SCD data because they have the ability to digitize published graphs, and who are therefore already developing and conducting analyses and metaanalyses of SCD data (Shadish, in press-b); and (f) increasing recommendations to use statistics by various entities providing standards for SCDs (Smith, 2011).”
BackgroundBentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Elliott, G., Huffman, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.017 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Vahabzadeh, A. B. N., Keshav, N. U., Abdus-Sabur, R., Huey, K., Liu, R., & Sahin, N. T. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8100085 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Daskalova, N., Metaxa, D., Tran, A., Nugent, N. R., Boergers, J., McGeary, J. E., & Huang, J. J. S. (2016) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/2984511.2984534 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Hedge’s g is a standardized-mean differences approach used to compute effect size for single-case designs [31].”
BackgroundMethodKratochwill, T. R., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Machalicek, W., Ferron, J. M., & Johnson, A. H. (2023) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2022.12.002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Methodological standards in single-case experimental design: Raising the bar
Ganz, J. B., & Ayres, K. M. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.003 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…participated in development of these standards or have published critiques and additional suggestions (Horner et al., 2005; Kratochwill & Stoiber, 2002; Reichow, Volkmar, & Cicchetti, 2008; Smith, 2012; Wendt & Miller, 2012), including developing research review protocols (Tate et al., 2008, 2014).”
BackgroundMixed Methods Single Case Research: State of the Art and Future Directions
Onghena, P., Maes, B., & Heyvaert, M. (2018) · Journal of Mixed Methods Research · doi:10.1177/1558689818789530 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Furthermore, outcome measures that meet the design standards (with or without reservations) can be categorized as demonstrating ‘‘Strong Evidence,’’‘‘Moderate Evidence,’’ or ‘‘No Evidence’’ (see also Smith, 2012).”
The effect of a specialized dyslexia font, OpenDyslexic, on reading rate and accuracy
Wery, J., & Diliberto, J. A. (2016) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-016-0127-1 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“ATD is an ideal design for comparing the effects of two or more treatments in applied research, and can identify the presence or absence of a causal relationship between the independent variable (e.g., font type) and a change in the dependent variable (e.g., reading speed and accuracy (Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundTanious, R., & Onghena, P. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01502-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“In line with the findings of earlier systematic reviews (Hammond & Gast, 2010; Shadish & Sullivan, 2011; Smith, 2012), the multiple baseline design continues to be the most frequently used design, and despite the advancement of sophisticated statistical methods for the analysis of SCEDs, two thirds…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSingle-case experimental designs: Reflections on conduct and analysis
Manolov, R., Gast, D. L., Perdices, M., & Evans, J. J. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.903199 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Second, the most appropriate design should be identified (see Kratochwill et al., 2010; Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHow Can Single-Case Data Be Analyzed? Software Resources, Tutorial, and Reflections on Analysis
Manolov, R., & Moeyaert, M. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445516664307 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“The review performed by Smith (2012) identified 409 articles in peer-reviewed journals in the period 2000-2010 reporting an SCED study, with the most frequent research areas being behavioral modification/interventions, developmental disorders, and school psychology.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRandomized single-case AB phase designs: Prospects and pitfalls
Michiels, B., & Onghena, P. (2019) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1084-x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…psychology, school psychology, special education, and medicine (Alnahdi, 2015; Chambless & Ollendick, 2001; Gabler, Duan, Vohra, & Kravitz, 2011; Hammond & Gast, 2010; Kratochwill & Stoiber, 2000; Leong, Carter, & Stephenson, 2015; Shadish & Sullivan, 2011; Smith, 2012; Swaminathan & Rogers, 2007).”
Yang, X., Wu, J., Ma, Y., Yu, J., Cao, H., Zeng, A., Fu, R., Tang, Y., & Ren, Z. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/60845 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Roche, M. J., Pincus, A. L., Rebar, A. L., Conroy, D. E., & Ram, N. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114540320 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“A person-specific analysis aims to elucidate processes that exist within a single entity (e.g. a single patient) over time (see Ram, Brose, & Molenaar, 2013; Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundA Primer on Single-Case Research Designs: Contemporary Use and Analysis
Ledford, J. R., Barton, E. E., Severini, K. E., & Zimmerman, K. N. (2019) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-124.1.35 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Shadish, W. R., Hedges, L. V., Horner, R. H., & Odom, S. L. (2015) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ramseyer, F. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1676932 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…patterns has so far been approached in different ways in the psychotherapy literature: The reported findings cover a broad spectrum, ranging from detailed single-case studies (Kykyri et al., 2017; Smith, 2012) to large-scale assessments of trajectories (Bar-Kalifa et al., 2016; Lutz et al., 2013).”
Dunn, B. D., Widnall, E., Reed, N., Owens, C., Campbell, J., & Kuyken, W. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103418 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“We followed guidelines in the design, analysis and reporting of case series to ensure the method was applied optimally (Smith, 2012; Kratochwill et al., 2010, 2012; Tate et al., 2016).”
MethodSutton, B. M., Webster, A. A., & Westerveld, M. F. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317753564 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Although single-case designs may be considered an appropriate alternative to group designs, there is a clear need for researchers to report effect sizes to provide stakeholders with a better understanding of the practical significance of the study’s findings (Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundPredictors of persistence of anxiety disorders across the lifespan: a systematic review
Hovenkamp-Hermelink, J., Jeronimus, B. F., Myroniuk, S., Riese, H., & Schoevers, R. A. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30433-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Future studies using novel approaches including single case-control designs 88 might uncover individual differences in predictors across phenotypically comparable patients.”
MethodRivas, C., Vigurs, C., Cameron, J., & Yeo, L. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013135.pub2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 statement.
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D. H., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000026 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Coon, J. C., & Rapp, J. T. (2017) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1510 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Telehealth Rehabilitation for Cognitive Impairment: Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial
Burton, R. L., & O’Connell, M. E. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.9420 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“In single-case experimental design guidelines, three is the minimum number of data points required to establish a baseline, and the minimum number of data points needed in each phase [40].”
Wolfe, K., Seaman, M. A., & Drasgow, E. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445516644699 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Alex Brake, C., Sauer-Zavala, S., Boswell, J. F., Gallagher, M. W., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Recent years have also seen a proliferation of quantitative methods to evaluate single-case design types (see Smith, 2012, for a review), and in conjunction with visual inspection, these techniques offer a wide range of supplemental tools for quantifying and communicating observed effects.”
BackgroundMoeyaert, M., Ugille, M., Ferron, J. M., Beretvas, S. N., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2014) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445514535243 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Pliance, Tracking, and Augmenting
Kissi, A., Hughes, S., Mertens, G., Barnes‐Holmes, D., Houwer, J. D., & Crombez, G. (2017) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445517693811 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Hong, E. R., Gong, L.-Y., Ninci, J., Morin, K. L., Davis, J. L., Kawaminami, S., Shi, Y.-Q., & Noro, F. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.09.013 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“These standards have been used by the WWC to review more than 11,000 studies (Kratochwill, 2013), and are comparable in terms of research design, measurement, and data analysis to other standards that have been developed in education and psychology (Smith, 2012).”
MethodFrom Boulder to Stockholm in 70 Years: Single Case Experimental Designs in Clinical Research
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wicksell, R. K., Simons, L. E., Gentili, C., De, T. K., Tate, R. L., Vohra, S., Punja, S., Linton, S. J., Sniehotta, F. F., et al. (2020) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-020-00402-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“By now, the problems of naïve ANOVA models for the analysis of single-case experimental data are well documented and widely acknowledged: the assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variance, and independent residuals are implausible for this kind of data (Richards, 2019; Smith, 2012; Solomon, 2014).”
MethodViolin plots as visual tools in the meta-analysis of Single-Case Experimental Designs
Tanious, R., & Manolov, R. (2022) · Methodology · doi:10.5964/meth.9209 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Systematic reviews regularly indicate that visual analysis is by far the most preferred data analysis technique among applied SCED researchers (Smith, 2012; Tanious & Onghena, 2021, 2022) despite the availability of sophisticated statistical techniques (Busse et al., 2015; Manolov & Moeyaert, 2017).”
BackgroundMethodMaric, M., de Haan, E. D., Hogendoorn, S., Wolters, L., & Huizenga, H. (2015) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“One challenge appears to be the analysis of SCED data (Barlow et al., 2009; Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundMaggin, D. M., Barton, E. E., Reichow, B., Lane, K. L., & Shogren, K. A. (2021) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/07419325211051317 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Based on published meta-analyses of single-case research (Smith, 2012), the 350-participant threshold makes it particularly challenging for interventions validated with single-case designs to obtain a rating of strong or moderate evidence.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAnalyzing data from single-case alternating treatments designs.
Manolov, R., & Onghena, P. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000133 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Calcagni, N., Gana, K., & Quintard, B. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223564 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“According to Smith’s literature review of the single-case design, this is one of the most cost-effective and efficient procedures to experimentally test the effect of an intervention [86].”
BackgroundManolov, R., Losada, J., Chacón-Moscoso, S., & Sanduvete-Chaves, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00032 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“An effect size index can also be computed from interrupted time series analysis via ARIMA (autoregressive integrate moving average) models, which allow controlling for trend and autocorrelation (Simonton, 1977).”
MethodMethodological quality of meta-analyses of single-case experimental studies
Jamshidi, L., Heyvaert, M., Declercq, L., Fernández‐Castilla, B., Ferron, J. M., Moeyaert, M., Beretvas, S. N., Onghena, P., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.12.016 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Izzo, C. V., Smith, E. G., Holden, M. J., Norton, C. I., Nunno, M. A., & Sellers, D. E. (2016) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0649-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“However, program effects persisted after excluding agencies with significant baseline trends, making regression to the mean a less plausible explanation for our findings (Smith 2012).”
BackgroundPower of a randomization test in a single case multiple baseline AB design
Bouwmeester, S., & Jongerling, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228355 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Barker, J. B., Slater, M. J., Pugh, G., Mellalieu, S. D., McCarthy, P. J., Jones, M. V., & Moran, A. P. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101746 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Psychosocial pain management moderation: The limit, activate, and enhance model
Day, M. A., Ehde, D. M., & Jensen, M. P. (2015) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.07.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A Priori Justification for Effect Measures in Single-Case Experimental Designs
Manolov, R., Moeyaert, M., & Fingerhut, J. E. (2022) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-021-00282-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Regarding quantitative analysis, there is a lack of consensus about which techniques are most appropriate (Busse et al., 2015; Smith, 2012).”
Rodgers, J., Herrema, R., Honey, E., & Freeston, M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3550-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“A minimum of 5 points per phase is considered the standard in multiple baseline design (Smith 2012).”
BackgroundResults reporting in single case experiments and single case meta-analysis
Vannest, K. J., Peltier, C., & Haas, A. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.029 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting guideline In BEhavioural interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 statement.
Tate, R., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T. R., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.04.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“, Journal of Behavioral Education in 2012, Remedial and Special Education in 2013, the Journal of School Psychology and Neuropsychological Rehabilitation in 2014, Aphasiology in 2015) and methodological quality recommendations (Horner et al., 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2013; Maggin et al., 2014; Smith, 2012; Tate et al…”
InfluentialKratochwill, T. R., & Levin, J. R. (2014) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.01.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…for SCD literature reviews do not include guidelines for evaluating the researchers' statistical-analysis techniques—see reviews of the numerous appraisal rubrics for SCD research provided by Maggin, Briesch, Chafouleas, Ferguson, and Clark (2013), Smith (2012), and Wendt and Miller (2012).”
MethodSingle-Case Research Design in Pediatric Psychology: Considerations Regarding Data Analysis
Cohen, L. L., Feinstein, A. B., Masuda, A., & Vowles, K. E. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst065 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Establishment of an International Collaborative Network for N-of-1 Trials and Single-Case Designs
Nikles, J., Onghena, P., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wicksell, R. K., Simons, L. E., McGree, J. M., & McDonald, S. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100826 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Using Single-Case Experiments to Support Evidence-Based Decisions
Lanovaz, M., & Rapp, J. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515613584 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Although there is growing interest in statistical analyses of data sets within SCEDs (e.g., Kazdin, 2011; Manolov et al., 2014; Shadish, 2014; Smith, 2012), it is likely that visual analysis remains the primary tool for SCED researchers and practitioners (e.”
BackgroundSahin, N. T., Abdus-Sabur, R., Keshav, N. U., Liu, R., Salisbury, J. P., & Vahabzadeh, A. B. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2018.00057 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…sound (Horner et al., 2005; Kratochwill and Levin, 2010; Smith, 2012), capable of demonstrating effectiveness of interventions, and is especially suitable for the assessment of outcomes of psychological/behavioral interventions (Robey et al., 1999; Borckardt et al., 2008; Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundVerma, B., & Tandon, U. (2022) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-08-2022-0209 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Evans, J. J., Gast, D. L., Perdices, M., & Manolov, R. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.903198 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The combination of a recognition of the level of evidence provided by SCEDs and an emerging consensus on what constitutes methodologically strong SCEDs perhaps explains why Smith (2012) views SCEDs as ‘poised for resurgence’ (p. 510).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialter Harmsel, J. F., Noordzij, M. L., Goudriaan, A. E., Dekker, J. J. M., Swinkels, L. T. A., van der Pol, T. M., & Popma, A. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Moeyaert, M., Manolov, R., & Rodabaugh, E. (2018) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445518806867 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…or rubrics that suggest how an individual SCED study should be conducted and analyzed to favor both internal and external validity (e.g., Horner et al., 2005; Reichow et al., 2018; Tate et al., 2013; see also Maggin, Briesch, Chafouleas, Ferguson, & Clark, 2014; Smith, 2012, for reviews).”
BackgroundGilroy, S. P., & Kaplan, B. A. (2019) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-019-00202-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Moreover, SCRDs are traditionally accompanied by thoroughly documented parameters, such as response definitions, designs, and procedures (Smith, 2012; Wolery & Ezell, 1993) and specificity in these areas is thought to support later replications (Kazdin, 2011; Kratochwill et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement
Tate, R., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2016.1190533 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“, Journal of Behavioral Education in 2012, Remedial and Special Education in 2013, the Journal of School Psychology and Neuropsychological Rehabilitation in 2014, Aphasiology in 2015) and methodological quality recommendations (Horner et al., 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2013; Maggin et al., 2014; Smith, 2012; Tate et al…”
BackgroundThe What Works Clearinghouse Single-Case Design Pilot Standards
Hitchcock, J. H., Horner, R. H., Kratochwill, T. R., Levin, J. R., Odom, S. L., Rindskopf, D. M., & Shadish, W. R. (2014) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/0741932513518979 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“In fact, researchers now have at their disposal a number of appraisal guidelines that they can use to assist in literature reviews for SCD research (see, for example, Smith, 2012; Wendt & Miller, 2012, for an overview of various standards including the WWC Standards).”
MethodLinear Trend in Single-Case Visual and Quantitative Analyses
Manolov, R. (2017) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445517726301 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Single-case designs (SCD) data are still commonly analyzed visually (Campbell & Herzinger, 2010; Kratochwill, Levin, Horner, & Swoboda, 2014; Parker, Cryer, & Byrns, 2006; Smith, 2012), either on exclusive basis or jointly with an objective quantification.”
BackgroundLessons Learned from Two Cohorts of Personal Informatics Self-Experiments
Daskalova, N., Desingh, K., Papoutsaki, A., Schulze, D., Sha, H., & Huang, J. J. S. (2017) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3130911 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“However, Smith’s review of current methods and standards for analysis suggests using standardized mean difference approaches because the effect sizes calculated with these were the least affected by autocorrelation [39].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIntroduction to the Special Series
Maggin, D. M., & Chafouleas, S. M. (2012) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/0741932512466269 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Fortunately, there is general agreement about many of the features necessary to have sufficient internal validity for single-case research, including minimum levels of interobserver agreement for dependent variables and the need to collect repeated measures in the absence and presence of an intervention (Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundMerle, J. L., Thayer, A. J., Larson, M. F., Pauling, S., Cook, C. R., Rios, J. A., McGinnis, J. L., & Sullivan, M. M. (2021) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2021.11.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Babb, S., McNaughton, D., Light, J., Caron, J. G., Wydner, K., & Jung, S. (2020) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.1080/07434618.2020.1737966 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“After establishing a stable baseline for each participant (i.e., minimal to no increasing trend; Smith, 2012), the independent variable is introduced to the first participant while the other participants remain in baseline.”
MethodThe Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W. R., Vohra, S., Barlow, D. H., Horner, R. H., Kazdin, A. E., Kratochwill, T. R., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2016.1178022 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Smith, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Justin D.
- ORCID
- Smith, Justin D.
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 510-550
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- PMC
- PMC3652808
- OpenAlex
- W1978096047
- Cited by
- 630
- References
- 648
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH20012)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- single-case experimental design, study design quality, methodological standards, visual analysis, statistical analysis methods, methodological quality
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Research Design, Benchmarking
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