Development of postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study
Open accessAbstract
The purpose was to investigate the effects of age on postural stability for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Twenty-nine children with mild ASD were assigned into one of the three groups: 6–8 years (U8), 9–11 years (U11) and 12–14 years (U14). Participants stood barefoot with both feet on a force platform and maintained stationary for 15 seconds during eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Center of pressure data were collected and variables were calculated, including displacements, total distances, sway areas, and sample entropy. The variables were compared among the three groups using a mixed-model ANOVA. The age group effect was significant for mediolateral center of pressure displacement (p = 0.04) and sway distance (p = 0.02). Post-hoc comparisons revealed that U8 exhibited greater mediolateral displacement and total distance compared to U14, regardless of test conditions. The U14 group exhibited improved mediolateral postural stability compared to U8, whereas no differences were found between U8 and U11 or between U11 and U14. This may suggest that children with ASD could slowly develop postural stability but only demonstrate significant changes over a long period of time. Early intervention programs aimed to improve complexity of postural control could be beneficial.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-sectional study examined age effects on postural stability in 29 children with mild autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 6–14 years. Older children (12–14 years) showed better mediolateral postural stability than the youngest group (6–8 years), but no significant differences appeared between adjacent age groups or in COP complexity.
Key findings
- Age group significantly affected mediolateral COP displacement (F2,26 = 3.68, p = 0.04, partial ω² = 0.15) and total COP sway distance (F2,26 = 4.70, p = 0.02, partial ω² = 0.20).
- Post-hoc tests showed U8 had greater mediolateral displacement than U14 (95% CI difference: 0.3–9.1 cm, p = 0.03) and greater total distance than U14 (95% CI difference: 6.1–72.5 cm, p = 0.02), regardless of test condition.
- No significant differences were found between U8 and U11 or between U11 and U14; other COP variables, including sample entropy, showed no significant age group effect (p = 0.13–0.71).
- Eyes-closed condition significantly increased mediolateral displacement (p = 0.05), total distance (p = 0.01), and sway area (p = 0.00) across groups.
Methods
- Cross-sectional design with 29 children with level one (mild) ASD recruited from a local autism summer camp and assigned to U8 (n = 9), U11 (n = 12), and U14 (n = 8) age groups.
- Participants stood barefoot on a portable force platform for 15 seconds during eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions; COP data were collected at 100 Hz, and variables included displacements, total distance, sway area, and sample entropy.
- COP variables were compared among age groups using mixed-model ANOVA with test condition as within-subject factor and age group as between-subject factor, followed by Tukey’s HSD post-hoc tests; portable force plate validity and reliability were checked in a sub-sample (n = 5).
Limitations
- The authors state the cross-sectional design meant factors other than age, such as intelligence quotient, were not strictly controlled; physical activity participation was not an inclusion/exclusion criterion; sex distribution differed among groups; the 15-second sample duration may limit sample entropy analysis; and vision was not controlled during eyes-open trials.
- The paper also notes large within-group variability, especially for sway area, which may have reduced the ability to detect between-group differences.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (29 total, 8–12 per group), no healthy control group was recruited, and the study tested only quiet standing, limiting generalization to other postural tasks.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 42 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
In children with ASD, the age group effect was significant for mediolateral center of pressure displacement (F2,26 = 3.68, p = 0.04, Partial ω2 = 0.15).
“the age group effect was significant for mediolateral COP displacement (F2,26 = 3.68, p = 0.04, Partial ω2 = 0.15)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In children with ASD, the U8 group exhibited greater mediolateral COP displacement than the U14 group, regardless of test condition (95% confidence interval difference: 0.3-9.1 cm, p = 0.03).
“Post-hoc comparisons revealed that the group U8 exhibited greater mediolateral displacement (95% confidence interval difference: 0.3–9.1 cm, p = 0.03) compared to U14, regardless of test conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In children with ASD, the condition effect was significant for sway area (F1,26 = 10.04, p = 0.00, Partial ω2 = 0.24).
“sway area (F1,26 = 10.04, p = 0.00, Partial ω2 = 0.24)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In children with ASD, anteroposterior COP sway displacement did not demonstrate any age-related changes.
“Interestingly, the anteroposterior COP sway displacement did not demonstrate any age-related changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In children with ASD, the interaction effect of age group by condition was nonsignificant for all COP variables (p = 0.09-0.42).
“The interaction effect of age group by condition was nonsignificant for all COP variables (p = 0.09–0.42).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
In children with ASD, the age group effect was significant for total center of pressure sway distance (F2,26 = 4.70, p = 0.02, Partial ω2 = 0.20).
“the age group effect was significant for mediolateral COP displacement (F2,26 = 3.68, p = 0.04, Partial ω2 = 0.15) and total COP sway distance (F2,26 = 4.70, p = 0.02, Partial ω2 = 0.20)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In children with ASD, COP variables other than mediolateral displacement, total distance, and sway area exhibited a nonsignificant condition effect (p = 0.45-0.87).
“Other COP variables exhibited nonsignificant condition effect (p = 0.45–0.87).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In children with ASD, COP variables other than mediolateral displacement and total distance did not display a significant age group effect (p = 0.13-0.71).
“Other COP variables did not display significant age group effect (p = 0.13–0.71).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In children with ASD, the U8 group showed greater COP total distance than the U14 group (95% confidence interval difference: 6.1-72.5 cm, p = 0.02).
“In addition, U8 showed greater COP total distance (95% confidence interval difference: 6.1–72.5 cm, p = 0.02) compared to U14.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In children with ASD, the condition effect was significant for total distance (F1,26 = 7.55, p = 0.01, Partial ω2 = 0.21).
“total distance (F1,26 = 7.55, p = 0.01, Partial ω2 = 0.21)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In children with ASD, the condition effect was significant for mediolateral displacement (F1,26 = 4.01, p = 0.05, Partial ω2 = 0.13).
“The condition effect was significant for several variables including mediolateral displacement (F1,26 = 4.01, p = 0.05, Partial ω2 = 0.13)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In older-age groups, a pattern of decreased sway area was observed with a medium effect size (partial ω2 = 0.06).
“Qualitatively, in older-age groups we observed a pattern of decreased sway area with a medium effect size (partial ω2 = 0.06).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No age-related difference was observed for sway area.
“In contrast to the mediolateral sway displacement and total distance, no age-related difference was observed for sway area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Most COP magnitude variables displayed a trend of decreases in older-age groups with medium to large effect sizes (partial ω2 = 0.07-0.20).
“However, qualitatively, most COP magnitude variables displayed a trend of decreases in older-age groups with medium to large effect sizes (partial ω2 = 0.07–0.20).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Some age-related changes in postural control were observed in children with ASD.
“In conclusion, some age-related changes in postural control were observed in children with ASD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant differences in COP complexity were found among age groups.
“In the present study, no significant differences in COP complexity were found among age groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No obvious differences in postural stability variables were found between sex through qualitative comparisons.
“However, through qualitative comparisons, no obvious differences in postural stability variables were found between sex.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The U14 group exhibited improved mediolateral postural stability compared to U8.
“The U14 group exhibited improved mediolateral postural stability compared to U8”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
In children with ASD, the U14 group exhibited improved mediolateral postural stability compared to the U8 group.
“These changes were demonstrated by reduced COP mediolateral sway displacement and total distance in the U14 group, which may indicate improved mediolateral postural stability (Li et al. 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Li et al. 2019
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Reduced mediolateral sway in the U14 group may indicate a more mature postural control pattern.
“The developments (i.e. reduced mediolateral sway) could indicate a more mature postural control pattern, because greater mediolateral sway has been associated with immature control of posture (Fournier et al. 2010b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fournier et al. 2010b
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The nonsignificant difference in sway area among age groups could be attributed to large variations within each group.
“In the present study, the nonsignificant difference in sway area among age groups could be attributed to large variations within each group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Typically developing children demonstrated reduced anteroposterior COP displacements in older age groups.
“This is inconsistent with the findings for typically developing children who demonstrated reduced anteroposterior COP displacements in older age groups (Cdsc et al. 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cdsc et al. 2018
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
Test-retest intra-class correlation coefficients for the portable force plate were satisfactory (α = 0.89-0.96).
“The intra-class correlation coefficients were satisfactory (α = 0.89–0.96).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Children with ASD have demonstrated greater sway velocities than age-matched typically developing children.
“Children with ASD have demonstrated greater COP sway displacements (Smoot Reinert et al. 2015), sway areas (Doumas et al. 2016), standard deviations of COP coordinates (Doumas et al. 2016), sway velocities (Morris et al. 2015), and root mean square of COP coordinates (Memari et al. 2013) compared to age-matched typical developing children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Morris et al. 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
Based on a preliminary study and a priori power analysis (α = 0.05, power = 0.80, Cohen's d = 0.30, number of age groups = 3), 24 participants were needed for the total sample size.
“Based on our preliminary study measuring COP data and a priori power analysis (α = 0.05, power = 0.80, Cohen’s d = 0.30, number of age groups = 3), 24 participants were needed for the total sample size.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The discrepancy between mediolateral and anteroposterior sway directions could be attributed to different postural control mechanisms.
“The discrepancy between the sway directions could be attributed to different postural control mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Children with PDD-NOS based on DSM-IV are less likely to receive a DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD.
“Children with PDD-NOS based on DSM-IV are less likely to receive a DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD (Christiansz et al. 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Christiansz et al. 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Our findings were not in agreement with the previous study (Minshew et al. 2004).
“However, our findings were not in agreement with the previous study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Minshew et al. 2004
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Children with ASD have demonstrated greater COP sway displacements than age-matched typically developing children.
“Children with ASD have demonstrated greater COP sway displacements (Smoot Reinert et al. 2015), sway areas (Doumas et al. 2016), standard deviations of COP coordinates (Doumas et al. 2016), sway velocities (Morris et al. 2015), and root mean square of COP coordinates (Memari et al. 2013) compared to age-matched typical developing children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Smoot Reinert et al. 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Children with ASD have demonstrated greater standard deviations of COP coordinates than age-matched typically developing children.
“Children with ASD have demonstrated greater COP sway displacements (Smoot Reinert et al. 2015), sway areas (Doumas et al. 2016), standard deviations of COP coordinates (Doumas et al. 2016), sway velocities (Morris et al. 2015), and root mean square of COP coordinates (Memari et al. 2013) compared to age-matched typical developing children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Doumas et al. 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Impairments in mediolateral stability are associated with the risk of falling.
“impairments in mediolateral stability have been particularly associated with the risk of falling (Maki et al. 1994; Brauer et al. 2000).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Maki et al. 1994
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Brauer et al. 2000
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
All COP variables exhibited normal distributions (Shapiro-Wilk Statistics = 0.94-0.98, p = 0.12-0.90).
“All COP variables exhibited normal distributions (Shapiro–Wilk Statistics = 0.94–0.98, p = 0.12–0.90).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
During a side-by-side stance, mediolateral sway is primarily controlled by limb loading and unloading completed through the hip mechanism.
“During a side-by-side stance, mediolateral sway is primarily controlled by limb loading and unloading completed through the hip mechanism (i.e. hip abduction and adduction moments) (Winter 1995; Winter et al. 1996).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Winter 1995
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Winter et al. 1996
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Children with ASD have demonstrated greater sway areas than age-matched typically developing children.
“Children with ASD have demonstrated greater COP sway displacements (Smoot Reinert et al. 2015), sway areas (Doumas et al. 2016), standard deviations of COP coordinates (Doumas et al. 2016), sway velocities (Morris et al. 2015), and root mean square of COP coordinates (Memari et al. 2013) compared to age-matched typical developing children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Doumas et al. 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Anteroposterior sway is regulated by the ankle mechanism.
“Anteroposterior sway is regulated by the ankle mechanism (ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion moments) (Winter 1995).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Winter 1995
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Children with ASD may exhibit a slower rate of development compared to typically developing children.
“Compared to typically developing children who had shown significantly improved postural stability every two years (Cdsc et al. 2018), children with ASD may exhibit a slower rate of development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cdsc et al. 2018
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The reduced COP complexity could be attributed to decreased complexity in the brain activity affecting the integration of sensory information and execution of movement.
“The reduced COP complexity could be attributed to decreased complexity in the brain activity affecting the integration of sensory information and execution of movement (Goldman et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Goldman et al. 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Liu et al. 2017
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- Premisecitation
Complexity in postural sway has been shown to be partially compromised in children with ASD compared to healthy controls.
“Though some conflicting findings have been reported, complexity in postural sway has been shown to be partially compromised in children with ASD compared to healthy controls (Fournier et al. 2014; Li et al. 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Fournier et al. 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Li et al. 2019
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- Premisecitation
A recent study suggested that 15-second sampling duration maintained acceptable construct and concurrent validity.
“A recent study also suggested that 15-second sampling duration maintained acceptable construct and concurrent validity (Tracy et al. 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tracy et al. 2019
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Impaired postural stability in children with ASD is well established in the literature.
“Impaired postural stability in children with ASD is well established in the literature (Lim et al. 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lim et al. 2017
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Postural sway complexity can reflect the adaptive capacity of the postural control system.
“postural sway complexity can reflect the adaptive capacity of the postural control system (Li et al. 2019)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Li et al. 2019
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Children with ASD have demonstrated greater root mean square of COP coordinates than age-matched typically developing children.
“Children with ASD have demonstrated greater COP sway displacements (Smoot Reinert et al. 2015), sway areas (Doumas et al. 2016), standard deviations of COP coordinates (Doumas et al. 2016), sway velocities (Morris et al. 2015), and root mean square of COP coordinates (Memari et al. 2013) compared to age-matched typical developing children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Memari et al. 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductcitation
A 15-second sample duration may be a limitation for sample entropy analysis.
“Fourth, a 15-second sample duration may be a limitation for sample entropy analysis, because sample entropy of a longer duration (i.e. 1 minute) displayed a better ability to discriminate between groups (Montesinos et al. 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Montesinos et al. 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: It was very difficult for young children with ASD to remain focused and maintain still for a long period.
- Study design and conductreasoning
The cross-sectional design with different individuals tested in each age group means some factors other than age may not be strictly controlled.
“First, the present study is using a cross-sectional design. Because different individuals were tested in each age group, some factors other than age may not be strictly controlled.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The intelligence quotient of participants was not strictly controlled.
“For example, the intelligence quotient of participants was not strictly controlled.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- May combine two claims. 16
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn children with ASD, no significant post-hoc differences were observed between U8 and U11 or between U11 and U14.
“However, no significant differences were observed between U8 and U11 or between U11 and U14.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn children with ASD, all age groups had greater mediolateral displacement, total distance, and sway area during eyes-closed conditions compared to eyes-open conditions.
“All groups had greater values of mediolateral displacement, total distance and sway area during the eyes-closed conditions compared to eyes-open conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAge-related postural control changes were not observed between U8 and U11 or between U11 and U14.
“Age-related postural control changes were not observed between U8 and U11 or between U11 and U14.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“whereas no differences were found between U8 and U11 or between U11 and U14.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataChildren with ASD may slowly develop postural stability but only demonstrate significant changes over a long period of time.
“This may suggest that children with ASD could slowly develop postural stability but only demonstrate significant changes over a long period of time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPrevious research has demonstrated that ASD could result in delayed development or even permanent impairments of postural stability.
“Previous research has demonstrated that ASD could result in delayed development or even permanent impairments of postural stability (Lim et al. 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lim et al. 2017
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren with ASD did not start to improve postural stability until age 12 and achieved a similar improvement rate as healthy controls from age 12 to 20.
“Previous research demonstrated that children with ASD did not start to improve postural stability until age 12 and achieved a similar improvement rate as healthy controls from age 12 to 20 (Minshew et al. 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Minshew et al. 2004
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn individuals with ASD, postural stability did not show improvement until age 12 and never achieved the level of healthy adults.
“Researchers observed that postural stability in individuals with ASD did not show improvement until age 12 and never achieved the level of healthy adults (Minshew et al. 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Minshew et al. 2004
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe large age range (5-52 years) in the previous study could have caused a nonlinear curve to be over-smoothed and distorted the pattern in the young age range.
“Because of the large age range (5–52 years) used in the previous study, a nonlinear curve (regression) could have been over-smoothed to fit all data but potentially distorted the pattern in the young age range (e.g. 6–14 years).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA lack of complexity in postural control has been suggested to be early marker of developmental disabilities.
“A lack of complexity in postural control has been suggested to be early marker of developmental disabilities (Dusing and Harbourne 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dusing and Harbourne 2010
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningChildren with ASD could develop postural control strategies through the hip mechanism from age 8 to 14, but the ankle strategy may remain unchanged.
“Our findings may suggest that children with ASD could develop postural control strategies through the hip mechanism from age 8 to 14, but the ankle strategy may remain unchanged.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAge has been associated with gross motor skills in children with ASD.
“Though age has been associated with gross motor skills in children with ASD (Mache and Todd 2016)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mache and Todd 2016
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSway area has been reported to be greater in children with ASD compared to age-matched healthy controls.
“The sway area is a commonly utilized measure to assess the magnitude of COP sway and has been reported to be greater in children with ASD compared to age-matched healthy controls (Radonovich et al. 2013; Mache and Todd 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Radonovich et al. 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Mache and Todd 2016
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe previous study performed sensory organization tests using the NeuroCom system, whereas we tested quiet standing using a force plate.
“Second, the previous study performed sensory organization tests using the NeuroCom® system (NeuroCom International Inc., Clackamas, OR), whereas we tested quiet standing using a force plate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe majority of studies have observed greater COP sway magnitudes in children with ASD, while other studies found no differences during the eyes-open condition or all testing conditions.
“The majority of studies have observed greater COP sway magnitudes in children with ASD, while other studies found no differences during the eyes-open condition (Doumas et al. 2016) or all testing conditions (Greffou et al. 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Doumas et al. 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Greffou et al. 2012
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May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe portable force plate's validity for measuring COP was examined; paired t-tests indicated that differences in COP variables between the portable and floor-embedded force plates were minimal (difference = 1.4-7.3%; t = 0.04-1.95; p = 0.12-0.90).
“Paired t-tests (Table 2) indicated that the differences in COP variables between the two force plates were minimal (difference = 1.4–7.3%; t = 0.04–1.95; p = 0.12–0.90).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningDifferent samples of participants (high functioning vs mild ASD) could contribute to the discrepancy.
“First, different samples of participants were tested (i.e. high functioning in the previous study vs. mild ASD in the present study).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationGreater complexity represents a more dynamic, resilient and adaptive postural control system.
“whereas greater complexity represents a more dynamic, resilient and adaptive postural control system (Wayne et al. 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wayne et al. 2014
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLower complexity could indicate a more repetitive and restricted sway pattern that may be more vulnerable to external perturbations.
“In general, lower complexity could indicate a more repetitive and restricted sway pattern that may be more vulnerable to external perturbations (Borg and Laxåback 2010)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Borg and Laxåback 2010
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataLarge within-group variations could have decreased the F value and resulted in nonsignificant between-group differences for sway area.
“However, the large within-group variations (Table 3: standard deviations were close to mean values of sway area) could have decreased the F value (ratio of between-group variability to within-group variability) and resulted in nonsignificant between-group differences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningChildren with ASD could progressively develop postural stability but only demonstrate significant changes when a long period of time is analyzed (e.g. from age 6 to 14).
“This may suggest that children with ASD could progressively develop postural stability but only demonstrate significant changes when a long period of time is analyzed (e.g. from age 6 to 14).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“These findings may suggest that children with ASD may slowly develop postural stability but only demonstrate significant changes over a long period of time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataNo outliers were detected using Chauvenet's criterion.
“No outliers were detected using Chauvenet’s criterion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe development of mediolateral postural stability could potentially reduce the risk of fall and facilitate participation in physical activities.
“The development of mediolateral postural stability could potentially reduce the risk of fall and facilitate participation in physical activities because impairments in mediolateral stability have been particularly associated with the risk of falling (Maki et al. 1994; Brauer et al. 2000).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Maki et al. 1994
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Brauer et al. 2000
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningDifferent statistical analyses (regression vs ANOVA) could contribute to the discrepancy.
“Lastly, different statistical analyses were employed to assess the effect of age (i.e. regression vs. ANOVA).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSample entropy of a longer duration (1 minute) displayed a better ability to discriminate between groups.
“Fourth, a 15-second sample duration may be a limitation for sample entropy analysis, because sample entropy of a longer duration (i.e. 1 minute) displayed a better ability to discriminate between groups (Montesinos et al. 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Montesinos et al. 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAll participants were able to complete a series of physical activities in the autism summer camp.
“Moreover, all participants were able to complete a series of physical activities (e.g. running, chasing, jumping, landing, throwing and catching a ball) in the autism summer camp.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIntelligence quotient scores had a small but significant effect on postural stability.
“According to previous research, the intelligence quotient scores had a small but significant effect on postural stability (Minshew et al. 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Minshew et al. 2004
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningUncontrolled vision could potentially influence postural sway patterns.
“Lastly, during eyes-open test conditions, participants’ vision was not controlled, which could potentially influence postural sway patterns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenWe tried to minimize the influence of physical activity level by excluding participants with physical impairments.
“However, we tried to minimize the influence of physical activity level by excluding participants with physical impairments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenDuring eyes-open test conditions, participants' vision was not controlled.
“Lastly, during eyes-open test conditions, participants’ vision was not controlled, which could potentially influence postural sway patterns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAll participants recruited had level one autism (mild) and were able to complete motor competence assessments.
“However, all participants recruited in the present study had level one autism (mild) and were able to complete a series of motor competence assessments (i.e. Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (Bruininks et al. 2007) and Movement Assessment Battery-2 (Henderson et al. 2007)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bruininks et al. 2007
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Henderson et al. 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenParticipation in physical activity was not listed in the inclusionary or exclusionary criteria.
“Second, participation in physical activity was not listed in the inclusionary or exclusionary criteria.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Different levels of physical activity participation could lead to different postural stability.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAny trial with obvious head movements was excluded from analysis.
“Though their vision may not focus on the same spot during the trial, any trial with obvious head movements (e.g. looking around) was excluded from analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe sample size of females and males is different among groups.
“Third, the sample size of females and males is different among groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe nonsignificant group difference indicates that postural control adaptability remains unchanged from age 6 to 14 possibly due to brain dysfunction.
“The nonsignificant group difference indicates that postural control adaptability remains unchanged from age 6 to 14 possibly due to brain dysfunction (e.g. dysfunction in basal ganglia and motor cortex) (Kohen-Raz et al. 1992).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kohen-Raz et al. 1992
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Age-related changes in postural stability in children with ASD are not well understood, and studies examining them are very limited.
“development of postural control in ASD is still not well understood”
“studies examining age-related changes in postural stability of children with ASD are still very limited”
The paper relies on this without support.
Different levels of physical activity participation could lead to different postural stability.
“Different levels of physical activity participation could lead to different postural stability.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It was very difficult for young children with ASD to remain focused and maintain still for a long period.
“However, it was very difficult for young children with ASD to remain focused and maintain still for a long period.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Children with ASD demonstrate slower development of postural control mechanisms compared to their peers.
“Children with ASD demonstrate slower development of postural control mechanisms compared to their peers.”
From Postural Differences in Speaking Versus Non-Speaking Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The Discussion says children with ASD “may exhibit a slower rate of development” than typically developing children, based on a comparison with findings from another study. The claim presents that tentative comparison as established and refers to development of postural control mechanisms, which this study did not directly compare with peers; its Methods state that no control group was recruited. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildren with ASD generally exhibit an incorrect arrangement of body segments relative to each other.
“Children with ASD generally exhibit an incorrect arrangement of body segments relative to each other [12,13,14].”
From Postural Differences in Speaking Versus Non-Speaking Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The Introduction reports impaired postural stability and greater postural sway in children with ASD, but does not describe how their body segments are arranged relative to one another. The Methods > Data analysis section measures center-of-pressure sway, not body-segment alignment; a search for postural alignment and segment positioning found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Mediolateral condition effect is called significant despite the stated threshold
MinorFor F(1,26) = 4.01, the p-value is approximately 0.056, above the paper's p < 0.05 threshold. The reported p = 0.05 and designation as significant are inconsistent with that F statistic and threshold.
“The condition effect was significant for several variables including mediolateral displacement (F1,26 = 4.01, p = 0.05, Partial ω2 = 0.13)”
“The significance level was selected as p < 0.05.”
U14 mediolateral displacement decreases with eyes closed
MinorThe claim applies to all groups, but U14's mean mediolateral displacement is 3.4 cm with eyes closed versus 3.9 cm with eyes open.
“All groups had greater values of mediolateral displacement, total distance and sway area during the eyes-closed conditions compared to eyes-open conditions.”
“| ML Disp (cm) | EO | 5.1(3.8) | 5.4(3.7) | 3.9(2.2) | P = 0.04* | P = 0.05* | P = 0.09 | | ML Disp (cm) | EC | 11.6(8.9) | 6.6(5.0) | 3.4(1.6) | P = 0.04* | | |”
Reported interaction p-value range omits a table value
MinorThe results give 0.42 as the highest age-group-by-condition p-value, but Table 3 reports 0.94 for anteroposterior displacement.
“The interaction effect of age group by condition was nonsignificant for all COP variables (p = 0.09–0.42).”
“| AP Disp (cm) | EO | 6.0(4.0) | 5.4(2.9) | 5.4(1.9) | P = 0.71 | P = 0.76 | P = 0.94 |”
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Fournier, K. A., Hass, C. J., Naik, S. K., Lodha, N., & Cauraugh, J. H. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0981-3 · Cited by 1,271 · see citing works
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“Nonlinear analyses have been used to assess postural stability in clinical settings because diseases and disorders can be viewed as a breakdown of nonlinear feedback loops along with altered physiological complexity (Lipsitz and Goldberger 1992).”
MethodUnified theory regarding A/P and M/L balance in quiet stance
Winter, D. A., Prince, F., Frank, J. S., Powell, C., & Zabjek, K. (1996) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2334 · Cited by 1,166 · cited 2× · see citing works
“During a side-by-side stance, mediolateral sway is primarily controlled by limb loading and unloading completed through the hip mechanism (i.e. hip abduction and adduction moments) (Winter 1995; Winter et al. 1996).”
BackgroundThe increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders
Matson, J. L., & Kozlowski, A. M. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.06.004 · Cited by 540 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In early research, the prevalence rate of ASD in the general population was reported to be 0.2% (Williams et al. 2006) and has been growing steadily for years (Matson and Kozlowski 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialZablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., & Blumberg, S. J. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Shumway‐Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. H. (1985) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.1985.10735341 · Cited by 523 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous research has generally agreed that the development of the structures responsible for postural control is completed by the age of seven (Shumway-Cook and Woollacott 1985; Assaiante et al. 2005).”
BackgroundSystematic review of prevalence studies of autism spectrum disorders
Williams, J. G. (2005) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2004.062083 · Cited by 463 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In early research, the prevalence rate of ASD in the general population was reported to be 0.2% (Williams et al. 2006) and has been growing steadily for years (Matson and Kozlowski 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialUnderdevelopment of the postural control system in autism
Minshew, N. J., Sung, K., Jones, B. L., & Furman, J. M. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000145771.98657.62 · Cited by 440 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Researchers observed that postural stability in individuals with ASD did not show improvement until age 12 and never achieved the level of healthy adults (Minshew et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReview of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2)
Deitz, J. C., Kartin, D., & Kopp, K. (2007) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.1080/j006v27n04_06 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Kaur, M., M. Srinivasan, S., & N. Bhat, A. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.025 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Brauer, S., BURNS, Y. R., & Galley, P. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.8.m469 · Cited by 301 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The development of mediolateral postural stability could potentially reduce the risk of fall and facilitate participation in physical activities because impairments in mediolateral stability have been particularly associated with the risk of falling (Maki et al. 1994; Brauer et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMotor stereotypies in children with autism and other developmental disorders
Goldman, S., Wang, C., Salgado, M. W., Greene, P. E., Kim, M., & Rapin, I. (2008) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03178.x · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Development of Postural Control in Healthy Children: A Functional Approach
Assaiante, C., Mallau, S., Viel, S., Jover, M., & Schmitz, C. (2005) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/np.2005.109 · Cited by 274 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous research has generally agreed that the development of the structures responsible for postural control is completed by the age of seven (Shumway-Cook and Woollacott 1985; Assaiante et al. 2005).”
BackgroundPostural Stability in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Molloy, C. A., Dietrich, K. N., & Bhattacharya, A. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000006001.00667.4c · Cited by 265 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(Molloy et al. 2003; Graham et al. 2015; Smoot Reinert et al. 2015; Li et al. 2019) All COP variables were calculated during each trial, and average values between the two trials were generated for statistical purposes.”
MethodWiggins, L. D., Robins, D. L., Bakeman, R., & Adamson, L. B. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0711-x · Cited by 248 · cited 1× · see citing works
“They also display unusual responses to sensory input (e.g. visual, auditory, taste or smell sensitivity) (Wiggins et al. 2009).”
BackgroundNonlinear analysis of the development of sitting postural control
Harbourne, R. T., & Stergiou, N. (2003) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.10110 · Cited by 229 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nonlinear dynamic analyses (e.g. postural sway complexity) are also necessary because the development of postural control is a dynamic process through which children learn to control multiple degrees of freedom of body segments to maintain balance (Harbourne and Stergiou 2003).”
BackgroundPostural control in children with autism
Kohen‐Raz, R., Volkman, F. R., & Cohen, D. J. (1992) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01048244 · Cited by 202 · cited 2× · see citing works
“dysfunction in basal ganglia and motor cortex) (Kohen-Raz et al. 1992).”
BackgroundEntropy of balance - some recent results
Borg, F., & Laxåback, G. (2010) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-7-38 · Cited by 195 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In general, lower complexity could indicate a more repetitive and restricted sway pattern that may be more vulnerable to external perturbations (Borg and Laxåback 2010), whereas greater complexity represents a more dynamic, resilient and adaptive postural control system (Wayne et al. 2014).”
BackgroundFerdjallah, M., Harris, G. F., Smith, P. A., & Wertsch, J. J. (2002) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(01)00121-8 · Cited by 193 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore, like many previous studies in children (Ferdjallah et al. 2002; Stins et al. 2009; Fournier et al. 2014; Victorio and Fujisawa 2019), a relatively short test duration (15 seconds) was utilized.”
MethodDecreased static and dynamic postural control in children with autism spectrum disorders
Fournier, K. A., Kimberg, C. I., Radonovich, K. J., Tillman, M. D., Chow, J. W., Lewis, M. H., Bodfish, J. W., & Hass, C. J. (2010) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.02.007 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Lim, Y. H., Partridge, K., Girdler, S. J., & Morris, S. L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3144-y · Cited by 176 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Impaired postural stability in children with ASD is well established in the literature (Lim et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialOn the use of approximate entropy and sample entropy with centre of pressure time-series
Montesinos, L., Castaldo, R., & Pecchia, L. (2018) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-018-0465-9 · Cited by 172 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Fourth, a 15-second sample duration may be a limitation for sample entropy analysis, because sample entropy of a longer duration (i.e. 1 minute) displayed a better ability to discriminate between groups (Montesinos et al. 2018).”
BackgroundThe maturation of balance in children
Cumberworth, V. L., Patel, N. N., Rogers, W., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Laryngology & Otology · doi:10.1017/s0022215106004051 · Cited by 135 · cited 1× · see citing works
“When testing in challenging situations, such as manipulations of visual or vestibular input, children may not attain adult levels of postural stability until the age of 15 (Cumberworth et al. 2007).”
Postural Control Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of Sensory Integration
Doumas, M., McKenna, R., & Murphy, B. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2621-4 · Cited by 120 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The majority of studies have observed greater COP sway magnitudes in children with ASD, while other studies found no differences during the eyes-open condition (Doumas et al. 2016) or all testing conditions (Greffou et al. 2012).”
BackgroundResultDusing, S. C., & Harbourne, R. T. (2010) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.2010033 · Cited by 117 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Because adaptability or variability in postural control serves as a foundation for development of functional skills, enhancing complexity could lead to functional changes and improvement in motor function (Dusing and Harbourne 2010).”
BackgroundRandall, M., Sciberras, E., Brignell, A., Ihsen, E., Efron, D., Dissanayake, C., & Williams, K. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415595287 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The recent ASD prevalence rate has been estimated to be 2.5% (Elsabbagh et al. 2012; Randall et al. 2015; Zablotsky et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialRadonovich, K. J., Fournier, K. A., & Hass, C. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00028 · Cited by 95 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The sway area is a commonly utilized measure to assess the magnitude of COP sway and has been reported to be greater in children with ASD compared to agematched healthy controls (Radonovich et al. 2013; Mache and Todd 2016).”
BackgroundWALSH, M. S., Ford, K. R., Bangen, K. J., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-18225.1 · Cited by 91 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The validity and reliability of the portable force plate for measuring the COP were examined based on previously published protocol (Walsh et al. 2006).”
Methodde Sá, C. D. S. C., Boffino, C. C., Ramos, R. T., et al. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.10.006 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Wayne, P. M., Gow, B. J., Costa, M. D., Peng, C., Lipsitz, L. A., Hausdorff, J. M., Davis, R. B., Walsh, J. N., Lough, M., Novak, V., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114731 · Cited by 83 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In general, lower complexity could indicate a more repetitive and restricted sway pattern that may be more vulnerable to external perturbations (Borg and Laxåback 2010), whereas greater complexity represents a more dynamic, resilient and adaptive postural control system (Wayne et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMache, M. A., & Todd, T. A. (2016) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.01.001 · Cited by 81 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Though age has been associated with gross motor skills in children with ASD (Mache and Todd 2016), development of postural control in ASD is still not well understood.”
BackgroundDifferences in the use of vision and proprioception for postural control in autism spectrum disorder
Morris, S. L., Foster, C. J., Parsons, R. W., Falkmer, M., Falkmer, T., & Rosalie, S. M. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.040 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Decreased dynamical complexity during quiet stance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Fournier, K. A., Amano, S., Radonovich, K. J., Bleser, T. M., & Hass, C. J. (2014) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.08.016 · Cited by 73 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Though some conflicting findings have been reported, complexity in postural sway has been shown to be partially compromised in children with ASD compared to healthy controls (Fournier et al. 2014; Li et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialGreffou, S., Bertone, A., Hahler, E.-M., Hanssens, J.-M., Mottron, L., & Faubert, J. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1326-6 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The majority of studies have observed greater COP sway magnitudes in children with ASD, while other studies found no differences during the eyes-open condition (Doumas et al. 2016) or all testing conditions (Greffou et al. 2012).”
ResultMemari, A. H., Ghanouni, P., Gharibzadeh, S., Eghlidi, J., Ziaee, V., & Moshayedi, P. (2013) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.09.010 · Cited by 71 · cited 2× · see citing works
“2015), and root mean square of COP coordinates (Memari et al. 2013)”
BackgroundPatterns of postural sway in high anxious children
Stins, J. F., Ledebt, A., Emck, C., van Dokkum, L. E. H., & Beek, P. J. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-42 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Rigoldi, C., Cimolin, V., Camerota, F., Celletti, C., Albertini, G., Mainardi, L. T., & Galli, M. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.11.007 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Influence of Task Difficulty and Participant Age on Balance Control in ASD
Graham, S. A., Abbott, A. E., Nair, A., Lincoln, A. J., Müller, R.-A., & Goble, D. J. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2303-7 · Cited by 49 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(Molloy et al. 2003; Graham et al. 2015; Smoot Reinert et al. 2015; Li et al. 2019) All COP variables were calculated during each trial, and average values between the two trials were generated for statistical purposes.”
MethodLiu, T., Chen, Y., Chen, D., Li, C., Qiu, Y., & Wang, J. (2016) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000724 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The reduced COP complexity could be attributed to decreased complexity in the brain activity affecting the integration of sensory information and execution of movement (Goldman et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationValidation of the HUMAC Balance System in Comparison with Conventional Force Plates
Koltermann, J. J., Gerber, M., Beck, H., & Beck, M. (2017) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies5030044 · Cited by 46 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Because of the high validity and reliability of our portable force plate, no device-specific calibrations were performed as suggested in previous research (Koltermann et al. 2017).”
MethodBusa, M. A., Jones, S., Hamill, J., & van Emmerik, R. E. A. (2015) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.12.007 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In recent years, many studies have investigated COP complexity during quiet standing tasks in different populations, because COP display highly irregular and nonstationary fluctuations (Borg and Laxåback 2010; Rigoldi et al. 2013; Fournier et al. 2014; Busa et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSmoot Reinert, S., Jackson, K., & Bigelow, K. (2015) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.3109/01942638.2014.975313 · Cited by 40 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Children with ASD have demonstrated greater COP sway displacements (Smoot Reinert et al. 2015), sway areas (Doumas et al. 2016), standard deviations of COP coordinates (Doumas et al. 2016), sway velocities (Morris et al. 2015), and root mean square of COP coordinates (Memari et al. 2013) CONTACT Yumeng Li yumeng.li@tx…”
BackgroundMethodAutism Spectrum Disorder in the DSM-5: Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity in Early Childhood
Christiansz, J. A., Gray, K. M., Taffe, J., & Tonge, B. J. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2734-4 · Cited by 31 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The most recent guideline (i.e. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder fifth edition: DSM5) combines all previous sub-diagnoses of DSM-IV (e.g. autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) etc.) (Christiansz et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMethodLi, Y., Mache, M. A., & Todd, T. A. (2019) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.2018-0042 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
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- Bruininks RH, 2007, Rev Bruininks-Oseretsky Test Mot Proficiency, Second Ed [Internet], 27, 87
- Tracy JB, 2019, Int Soc Biomech Congr., 283
- Victorio LVG, 2019, Mot Rev Educ Fã\-sica [Internet], 25
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Abdel Ghafar, M. A., Abdelraouf, O. R., Abdelgalil, A. A., Seyam, M. K., Radwan, R. E., & El-Bagalaty, A. E. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9030353 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Postural balance control interventions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A systematic review
Date, S. S., Munn, E. E., & Frey, G. C. (2024) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.01.034 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Modulation of center-of-pressure signal in children on the autism spectrum: A case-control study
Stania, M., Emich‐Widera, E., Kazek, B., Kamieniarz, A., Swatowska, M., & Juras, G. (2023) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.04.018 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Qu, H., Wang, J., Shirley, D. J., Gemmell, H. M., Christensen, D., Orlando, A., Romero, R. A. A., Zielinski, B. A., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70024 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fradet, L., Benchekri, A., Tisserand, R., Cazalets, J., Amestoy, A., Lemonnier, É., Cottenceau, H., Yentes, J. M., & Bidet-Ildei, C. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06815-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…previous studies on postural control in AT children, the participants were not always matched to control participants in terms of age or height despite their known influence on postural results (see for the age in AT children (Li et al., 2021) and for the height in AT adults (Chiari et al., 2002)).”
Vives-Vilarroig, J., Ruíz-Bernardo, P., & Gómez, A. G. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06174-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In this regard we support the suggestions of Li et al. (2021) who emphasise that early intervention in children with ASD is very important for improving postural control through the development of postural stability and motor function.”
Postural Differences in Speaking Versus Non-Speaking Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Będziechowska-Czyżewska, M., Malak, R., Romanowski, M., Andrusiewicz, M., Samborski, W., & Baum, E. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12020145 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“They only use the hip mechanism they developed earlier to maintain a stable standing position by moving their hip joints [1,5,6,12,14,15].”
Perricone, E., Caldaci, A., Cacciaguerra, G., Nora, A. D., Parano, C., & Pavone, V. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1832930 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“These impairments may include delays in achieving motor milestones (6, 7), difficulties with coordination (8), abnormalities in reach-to-grasp movements (3), deficits in both gross and fine motor skills (9), difficulty in planning and imitating movements (10) and impaired postural control (11).”
Assessment of postural control in children
Вячеславовна, С. Т., Андреевич, К. В., Назаров, С. Б., & Ryl’skaya, Y. A. (2022) · Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) · doi:10.21508/1027-4065-2022-67-5-27-33
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Jara-Romo, J. C., Murillo-Alvear, V. M., Guerra-Iglesias, S., et al. (2026) · Revista Científica Episteme & Praxis · doi:10.62451/rep.v4i1.161
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Santos, K. T., Gomes, A. C. P., Alves, T. A., Lima, Q. S., Lemos, N. G., & Lemos, F. A. (2026) · Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional · doi:10.1590/2526-8910.cto411740411
Ma, T., Jia, L., Feng, A., Zhang, Q., Li, L., Qin, Y., & Hao, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1821167
“Prior research has emphasized that sensory integration and attentional demands can influence postural control in ASD (26), and developmental studies have reported differences in postural stability in children with ASD compared with TD peers (27).”
- Authors
- Li, Y., Liu, T., & Venuti, C. E.
- Affiliations
- Texas State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Yumeng
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Biomechanics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-01-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 54-62
- ISSN
- 2333-5432 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8381937
- OpenAlex
- W3195009672
- Semantic Scholar
- 9c29987df7fdc6969ad9538dbea7e16104ff6c39
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 0.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Biomechanics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, postural stability, postural control, center of pressure, age differences, children, sway, sample entropy, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Postural Balance, Humans, Entropy
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