On the use of approximate entropy and sample entropy with centre of pressure time-series
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Approximate entropy (ApEn) and sample entropy (SampEn) have been previously used to quantify the regularity in centre of pressure (COP) time-series in different experimental groups and/or conditions. ApEn and SampEn are very sensitive to their input parameters: m (subseries length), r (tolerance) and N (data length). Yet, the effects of changing those parameters have been scarcely investigated in the analysis of COP time-series. This study aimed to investigate the effects of changing parameters m, r and N on ApEn and SampEn values in COP time-series, as well as the ability of these entropy measures to discriminate between groups. METHODS: A public dataset of COP time-series was used. ApEn and SampEn were calculated for m = {2, 3, 4, 5}, r = {0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5} and N = {600, 1200} (30 and 60 s, respectively). Subjects were stratified in young adults (age < 60, n = 85), and older adults (age ≥ 60) with (n = 18) and without (n = 56) falls in the last year. The effects of changing parameters m, r and N on ApEn and SampEn were investigated with a three-way ANOVA. The ability of ApEn and SampEn to discriminate between groups was investigated with a mixed ANOVA (within-subject factors: m, r and N; between-subject factor: group). Specific combinations of m, r and N producing significant differences between groups were identified using the Tukey's honest significant difference procedure. RESULTS: A significant three-way interaction between m, r and N confirmed the sensitivity of ApEn and SampEn to the input parameters. SampEn showed a higher consistency and ability to discriminate between groups than ApEn. Significant differences between groups were mostly observed in longer (N = 1200) COP time-series in the anterior-posterior direction. Those differences were observed for specific combinations of m and r, highlighting the importance of an adequate selection of input parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Future studies should favour SampEn over ApEn and longer time-series (≥ 60 s) over shorter ones (e.g. 30 s). The use of parameter combinations such as SampEn (m = {4, 5}, r = {0.25, 0.3, 0.35}) is recommended.
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A 15-second sample duration may be a limitation for sample entropy analysis.
“Fourth, a 15-second sample duration may be a limitation for sample entropy analysis, because sample entropy of a longer duration (i.e. 1 minute) displayed a better ability to discriminate between groups (Montesinos et al. 2018).”
From Development of postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study (2021) · cites this paper as Montesinos et al. 2018
Sample entropy of a longer duration (1 minute) displayed a better ability to discriminate between groups.
“Fourth, a 15-second sample duration may be a limitation for sample entropy analysis, because sample entropy of a longer duration (i.e. 1 minute) displayed a better ability to discriminate between groups (Montesinos et al. 2018).”
From Development of postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study (2021) · cites this paper as Montesinos et al. 2018
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“Fourth, a 15-second sample duration may be a limitation for sample entropy analysis, because sample entropy of a longer duration (i.e. 1 minute) displayed a better ability to discriminate between groups (Montesinos et al. 2018).”
Background
- Authors
- Montesinos, L., Castaldo, R., & Pecchia, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pecchia, Leandro
- Venue
- Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 116-116
- ISSN
- 1743-0003 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6291990
- OpenAlex
- W2903813110
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 32.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (409248)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R511808/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis
- Keywords
- approximate entropy, sample entropy, center of pressure, postural control, parameter sensitivity, tolerance, time series length, older adults, fallers, balance assessment, group discrimination, postural stability, postural sway
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Computer Simulation, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Pressure, Entropy, Young Adult
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