Size distribution of exhaled aerosol particles containing SARS-CoV-2 RNA
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 in exhaled aerosols is considered an important contributor to the spread of COVID-19. However, characterizing the size distribution of virus-containing aerosol particles has been challenging as high concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in exhaled air is mainly present close to symptom onset. We present a case study of a person with COVID-19 who was able to participate in extensive measurements of exhaled aerosols already on the day of symptom onset and then for the following three days. METHODS: Aerosol collection was performed using an eight-stage impactor while the subject was breathing, talking and singing, for 30 min each, once every day. In addition, nasopharyngeal samples, saliva samples, room air samples and information on symptom manifestations were collected every day. Samples were analyzed by RT-qPCR for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in seven of the eight particle size fractions, from 0.34 to >8.1 µm, with the highest concentrations found in 0.94-2.8 µm particles. The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was highest on the day of symptom onset, and declined for each day thereafter. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that 90% of the exhaled SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in aerosol particles <4.5 µm, indicating the importance of small particles for the transmission of COVID-19 close to symptom onset. These results are important for our understanding of airborne transmission, for developing accurate models and for selecting appropriate mitigation strategies.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent breathing, speaking, and singing measurements near a single COVID-infected individual revealed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in particles 0.3 μm to >8 μm.
“Recent breathing, speaking, and singing measurements near a single COVID-infected individual revealed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in slightly smaller particles (0.3 μm to >8 μm) [52]”
From Comparative Mask Protection against Inhaling Wildfire Smoke, Allergenic Bioaerosols, and Infectious Particles (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
Cites
Aerodynamic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Two Wuhan Hospitals
Liu, Y., Ning, Z., Chen, Y., Guo, M., Liu, Y., Gali, N. K., Sun, L., Duan, Y., Cai, J., Westerdahl, D., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3 · Cited by 1,872 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms
Johansson, M. A., Quandelacy, T. M., Kada, S., Prasad, P. V., Steele, M. K., Brooks, J. T., Slayton, R. B., Biggerstaff, M., & Butler, J. C. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057 · Cited by 1,028 · see citing works
Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Greenhalgh, T., Jimenez, J. L., Prather, K. A., Tufekci, Z., Fisman, D., & Schooley, R. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Talic, S., Shah, S., Wild, H., Gašević, D., Maharaj, A. D., Ademi, Z., Li, X., Xu, W., Mesa‐Eguiagaray, I., Rostron, J., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068302 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course
Jones, T. C., Biele, G., Mühlemann, B., Veith, T., Schneider, J. A., Beheim-Schwarzbach, J., Bleicker, T., Tesch, J., Schmidt, M. L., Sander, L. E., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abi5273 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Milton, D. K., Fabian, M. P., Cowling, B. J., Grantham, M. L., & McDevitt, J. J. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003205 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Clustering and superspreading potential of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong
Adam, D. C., Wu, P., Wong, J. Y., Lau, E. H. Y., Tsang, T. K., Cauchemez, S., Leung, G. M., & Cowling, B. J. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1092-0 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Exhaled respiratory particles during singing and talking
Alsved, M., Matamis, A., Bohlin, R., Richter, M., Bengtsson, P.-E., Fraenkel, C., Medstrand, P., & Löndahl, J. (2020) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2020.1812502 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationGregson, F. K. A., Watson, N. A., Orton, C. M., Haddrell, A. E., McCarthy, L. P., Finnie, T., Gent, N., Donaldson, G. C., Shah, P. L., Calder, J. D., et al. (2021) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1883544 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
The size and culturability of patient-generated SARS-CoV-2 aerosol
Santarpia, J. L., Herrera, V. L., Rivera, D. N., Ratnesar-Shumate, S., Reid, S. P., Ackerman, D. N., Denton, P. W., Martens, J. W. S., Fang, Y., Conoan, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-021-00376-8 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2−positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities
Yang, Q., Saldi, T. K., Gonzales, P. K., Lasda, E. L., Decker, C. J., Tat, K. L., Fink, M. R., Hager, C. R., Davis, J. C., Ozeroff, C. D., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104547118 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Marple, V. A., Olson, B. A., Santhanakrishnan, K., Mitchell, J. P., Murray, S. C., & Hudson-Curtis, B. L. (2003) · Journal of Aerosol Medicine · doi:10.1089/089426803769017668 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from the air in a car driven by a COVID patient with mild illness
Lednicky, J. A., Lauzardo, M., Alam, M. M., Elbadry, M. A., Stephenson, C. J., Gibson, J. C., & Morris, J. G. (2021) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.063 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics Among Close Contacts of Index Patients With COVID-19
Ge, Y., Martínez, L., Sun, S., Chen, Z., Zhang, F., Li, F., Sun, W., Chen, E., Pan, J., Li, C., et al. (2021) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4686 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Characterization of hospital airborne SARS-CoV-2
Stern, R. A., Koutrakis, P., Martins, M. A., Lemos, B., Dowd, S. E., Sunderland, E. M., & Garshick, E. (2021) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-021-01637-8 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Petrillo, S., Carrà, G., Bottino, P., Zanotto, E., Santis, M. C. D., Margaria, J. P., Giorgio, A., Mandili, G., Martini, M., Cavallo, R., et al. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8071064 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Levels and particle size distribution of airborne SARS-CoV-2 at a healthcare facility in Kuwait
Stern, R. A., Al-Hemoud, A. M., Alahmad, B., & Koutrakis, P. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146799 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Thuresson, S., Fraenkel, C., Sasinovich, S., Soldemyr, J., Widell, A., Medstrand, P., Alsved, M., & Löndahl, J. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac161 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationAlsved, M., Nygren, D. R., Thuresson, S., Medstrand, P., Fraenkel, C., & Löndahl, J. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac202 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationDetection of SARS-CoV-2 in exhaled breath from non-hospitalized COVID-19-infected individuals
Leding, C., Skov, J., Uhrbrand, K., Lisby, J. G., Hansen, K. P., Benfield, T., & Duncan, L. K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15243-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jiang, C., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Yao, G., Li, S., Rong, R., Liang, Z., Liu, H., Liu, J., Wan, T., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141796 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Infectivity of exhaled SARS-CoV-2 aerosols is sufficient to transmit covid-19 within minutes
Alsved, M., Nyström, K., Thuresson, S., Nygren, D. R., Churqui, M. P., Hussein, T., Fraenkel, C., Medstrand, P., & Löndahl, J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47829-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant shedding during respiratory activities
Tan, K. S., Ong, S. W. X., Koh, M. H., Tay, D. J. W., Aw, D. Z. H., Nah, Y. W., Abdullah, M. R. B., Coleman, K. K., Milton, D. K., Chu, J. J. H., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.03.029 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wagner, J., Macher, J. M., Chen, W., & Kumagai, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315555 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Risk modeling for ASHRAE Standard 241-2023 — Control of infectious aerosols
Jones, B., Iddon, C. R., Zaatari, M., Wargocki, P. L., & Bruns, R. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113318 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Estimating aerosol particle removal in indoor air by ion-enhanced deposition
Kolarž, P., Ilić, A. Ž., Janković, M., Janićijević, A. A., & Trbovich, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106199 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Eren, Z. B., Vatansever, C., Kabadayı, B., Haykar, B., Kuloğlu, Z. E., Ay, S., Nurlybayeva, K., Eyikudamacı, G., Barlas, T., Palaoğlu, E., et al. (2024) · Environmental Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1111/1758-2229.13303 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Quantifying quanta: Determining emission rates from clinical data
Jones, B., Iddon, C. R., & Sherman, M. H. (2024) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100025 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Relationship between Exhaled Aerosol and Carbon Dioxide Emission Across Respiratory Activities
Moseley, B., Archer, J., Orton, C. M., Symons, H. E., Watson, N. A., Saccente‐Kennedy, B., Philip, K. E. J., Hull, J. H., Costello, D. A. E., Calder, J. D., et al. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c01717 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wu, J., He, F., Xie, Z., Fu, M., Li, Y., Wang, J., Pan, Y., & Weng, W. (2024) · Emergency Management Science and Technology · doi:10.48130/emst-0024-0006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Occupational exposure monitoring of airborne respiratory viruses in outpatient medical clinics
Vass, W. B., Shirkhani, A., Washeem, M., Shankar, S. N., Zhang, Y., Moquin, T. L., Messcher, R. L., Jansen, M. D., Clugston, J. R., Walser, M. P., et al. (2024) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2024.2403580 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Webner, F., Shishkin, A., Schmeling, D., & Wagner, C. D. (2024) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/2024/9927275 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gagné, M., Flynn, B. J., Andrew, S. F., Flebbe, D. R., Mychalowych, A., Lamb, E., Davis-Gardner, M. E., Burnett, M. R., Serebryannyy, L., Lin, B. C., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565765 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Longevity of size-dependent particle removal performance of do-it-yourself box fan air filters
Pistochini, T., Jaeger, G., Cappa, C. D., & Corsi, R. L. (2024) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d4em00406j · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Srikrishna, D. (2024) · Health Security · doi:10.1089/hs.2023.0048 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Matvejeff, A. T., Silvonen, V., Heikkilä, P., Sanmark, E., Hakala, J. P., Kuittinen, N., Geneid, A., Laukkanen, A.-M., Alku, P., Oksanen, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106619 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ejaz, M. F., Kilpeläinen, S., Lestinen, S., & Kosonen, R. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111993 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Understanding Aerosol-Mediated Disease Transmission
Dommer, A. C., Amaro, R. E., & Prather, K. A. (2025) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.5c00364 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thuresson, S., Fraenkel, C., Sasinovich, S., Medstrand, P., Alsved, M., & Löndahl, J. (2024) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/2024/5578611 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationDo We Need Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles in Face Masks?
Everaert, S., Godderis, L., Raquez, J., Schoeters, G. E. R., Spanoghe, P., Moens, J., Hens, L., Michel, O., Adang, D., & Fraeyman, N. (2025) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics13040244 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pisaniello, D., & Nitschke, M. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21081089 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 at acidic pH is driven by partial unfolding of spike
Glas, I., Zimmermann, L., Luo, B., Pohl, M. O., Wrobel, A. G., Schaub, A., Klein, L. K., David, S. C., Gaggioli, E., Bluvshtein, N., et al. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08514-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
There Is a Risk of Spread During a Nebulization Session in a Patient with COVID-19
Thibon, C., Vecellio, L., Belkhir, L., Dubus, J. ‐., Robert, A. R., Kabamba, B., & Reychler, G. (2023) · Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery · doi:10.1089/jamp.2023.0010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A breath-based in vitro diagnostic assay for the detection of lower respiratory tract infections
Chen, D., Mirski, M. A., Chen, S., Bryden, W. A., McLoughlin, M. J., Kiser, K. M., Caton, E. R., Haddaway, C. R., Cetta, M. S., & Pan, Y. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae350 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sheng, S., Yamanaka, T., Kobayashi, T., Yamasawa, H., & Namba, W. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113104 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Interaction of exhaled aerosol particles with the flow field of an air curtain
Kohl, A., Schmeling, D., & Wagner, C. D. (2023) · International Symposium on Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer (THMT) · doi:10.1615/ichmt.thmt-23.410 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efficacy of Flow‐Through Air Purification Device in Removing Aerosolized SARS‐CoV‐2
Law, C. K., Lai, J. H. K., Sze-To, R. G. N., Tuttle, R. S., Solocinski, K., Wilkinson, J. E., Cox, B. M., Huerter, C. N., & Sosna, W. A. (2025) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/ina/6684377 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mutalik, C., & Roy, C. J. (2026) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129409 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The time has come to protect healthcare workers and patients from aerosol transmissible disease
Brosseau, L. M., Bowdle, A. T., Tellier, R., Klompas, M., Schooley, R. T., Harrison, R., Jelačić, S., & Osterholm, M. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1378567 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Measuring the fitted filtration efficiency of cloth masks, medical masks and respirators
Tomkins, A. A., Dulai, G., Dulai, R., Rassenberg, S., Lawless, D., Laengert, S. E., Rudman, R. S., Hasan, S., de Lannoy, C., Drouillard, K. G., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301310 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluation of Personal Protective Equipment Using Low-cost Aerosol Monitors
Baldelli, A., Poznikoff, A. K., Heieis, K., & Purdy, R. (2024) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.230323 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Du, H., Bruno, S., Overholt, K. J., Palacios, S., Huang, H.-H., Barajas, C., Gross, B., Lee, C., Evile, H. K., de Sousa, N. R., et al. (2024) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics X · doi:10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100488 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Detection of active SARS-CoV-2 in cough aerosols from COVID-19 patients
de Sousa, N. R., Margerie, L., Steponaviciute, L., Roux, J., Kinahan, M. W., Olsson, D. G. E., Ásgeirsson, H., Udekwu, K. I., & Rothfuchs, A. G. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/23744235.2024.2374307 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Possible inter-room aerosol-mediated COVID-19 transmission in a quarantine hotel: A case study
Lim, M., Yang, J., Sze Tat, T. A. N., Man, X. I. A. O., Chun Ping, G. A. O., Vernon, L. E. E., Teoh, Y. L., James, C. H. A. N., Cui, L., Yichen, D. I. N. G., et al. (2026) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114442 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
AVM: A Manually Curated Database of Aerosol-transmitted Virus Mutations, Human Diseases, and Drugs
Mei, L., Hou, Y., Zhou, J., Chang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, D., Zhang, Y., Ning, S., & Li, X. (2024) · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/gpbjnl/qzae041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Total outward leakage of face-worn products used by the general public for source control
Yang, W., Myers, W. R., Bergman, M., Fisher, E. M., Ryan, K. J., Vollmer, B., Portnoff, L., & Zhuang, Z. (2024) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2024.09.020 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Filtration efficiency of different protective masks against viral aerosols
Brochu, V., Turgeon, N., Richer-Fortin, A., Veillette, M., & Duchaine, C. (2024) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2024.2420683 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Total outward leakage reduction efficiency of different protective masks using model viruses
Brochu, V., Chazelet, S., Loison, P., Pacault, S., Turgeon, N., Veillette, M., Duquenne, P., & Duchaine, C. S. (2025) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2025.2498993 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Improvements in Turbulent Jet Particle Dispersion Modeling and Its Validation with DNS
Batmaz, E., Webner, F., Schmeling, D., & Wagner, C. D. (2025) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos16060637 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Interaction of exhaled aerosol particles with the flow field of an air curtain
Kohl, A., Schmeling, D., & Wagner, C. D. (2023) · International Symposium on Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer (THMT) · doi:10.1615/thmt-23.410
Is double masking even worthwhile?
Chea, P., Pushpawela, B., Ward, R. X., & Flagan, R. C. (2024) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2024.2369638
Implementation of a process analytical technology tool for dry powder inhalers’ development
Lopes, M. I., Fernandes, E. C., Costa, E., & Valente, P. C. (2025) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2024.2442516
A Crow Search Algorithm for Solving Virus Disease Transmission
Hsu, H.-C., Cho, Y.-C., Pan, C.-Y., Shih‐Hsiung, L., Yang, C., & Huang, K.-W. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-4596-1_18
With COVID, flu and RSV circulating, it’s time to follow the evidence: Return to mask mandates
Clase, C. M., Drouillard, K. G., & de Lannoy, C. (2022) · doi:10.64628/aam.x37tqv5w5
Brochu, V., Bouchard, P.-A., Veillette, M., Turgeon, N., Lellouche, F., & Duchaine, C. (2025) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.1177/19433654251372032
Horstink, N., Lassing, K., Knoester, M., Vermeulen, L. C., Rossen, J. W. A., Voß, A., & Lokate, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1652124
Mukherjee, A., Mishra, S., Murty, V. K., & Chaudhuri, S. (2026) · Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.2025.0291
Modeling the infection risk in vehicles of local public transport for aerosol transmitted viruses
Fouckhardt, L., Sommer, C., & Schneider, N. S. (2026) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2026.102285
Thirugnanasampanthar, M., Gomez, M., Kvitka, E., Jackson, K. J., Rhem, R. G., DOLOVICH, M. B., & Hosseinidoust, Z. (2026) · ACS ES&T Air · doi:10.1021/acsestair.5c00421
Liu, Y., Zhao, J., Guo, W., Luo, X., Mo, J., Wang, Y., & Liu, L. (2026) · Building Simulation · doi:10.1007/s12273-026-1418-z
Evolution of Understanding of COVID-19 Transmission
Dancer, S. J. (2026) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos17050484
Pistochini, T., Jaeger, G., Cappa, C. D., Ellis, M. J., & Bennett, D. (2026) · Science and Technology for the Built Environment · doi:10.1080/23744731.2026.2664366
Tooding, C., Bulgarin, H., Thomberg, T., Lust, A., Nerut, J., Romann, T., Palm, R., Må̊nsson, M., Vana, M., Junninen, H., et al. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.123769
Formation of respiratory aerosols: Modeling and experiments (FRAME)
Darquenne, C., Alsved, M., Bzdek, B. R., Camphuijsen, J., de Winter, D. A. M., Golshahi, L., Gürzing, S., Haddrell, A. E., Lancmanová, A., Löndahl, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2026.106881
Self-citationHeterogeneity of Airborne Virus Transmission in the Built Environment: A Narrative Review
Zhang, Y., Krupinsky, K., Lauring, A. S., & Marr, L. C. (2026) · Pathogens and Immunity · doi:10.20411/pai.v11i2.1049
From viral infection to emission: host barriers shaping airborne transmission
MARTINEZ, P., Rohde, M., Yeasin, M., Basu, S., Sieben, C., & Port, J. R. (2026) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00753-26
- Authors
- Alsved, M., Nygren, D., Thuresson, S., Fraenkel, C.-J., Medstrand, P., & Löndahl, J.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Alsved, Malin
- Venue
- Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-11-04
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 158-163
- ISSN
- 0036-5548 (ISSN-L)
- 2374-4235
- 2374-4243
- OpenAlex
- W4308189368
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 7.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- AFA insurance (180113, 200109)
- Swedish Research Council FORMAS (2017-00383, 2020-01490)
- Swedish Research Council FORTE (2017-00690)
- Region Skåne
- Swedish Research Council (2019-05235, 2020-02344)
- SciLifeLab National COVID-19 Research Program
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, exhaled aerosols, aerosol size distribution, airborne transmission, viral RNA, symptom onset, respiratory droplets
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets, Humans, RNA, Viral
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
