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Cited by 1,313Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyCognitive Abilities and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A normative‐developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children

Welsh, Marilyn C., Pennington, Bruce F., Groisser, Dena B.·1991·Developmental Neuropsychology
DOI 10.1080/87565649109540483
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Abstract

Normative‐developmental performance on a battery of executive function tasks was investigated. Executive function was defined as goal‐directed behavior, including planning, organized search, and impulse control. Measures were drawn from clinical neuropsychology (visual search, verbal fluency, motor sequencing, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task [WCST]) and from developmental psychology (Tower of Hanoi [TOH] and Matching Familiar Figures Test [MFFT]). A discriminant task, recognition memory, was administered, and IQ scores were available on a subset of the sample. One hundred subjects ranging from 3 to 12 years old participated; an adult group was also studied. Three major results were found: (a) adult‐level performance on different subsets of the executive function tasks was achieved at three different ages—6 years old, 10 years old, and adolescence; (b) the measures clustered into three different factors reflecting speeded responding, set maintenance, and planning; and (c) most of the executive function tasks were uncorrelated with IQ. The implications of these results for our understanding of the development of prefrontal lobe functions are discussed.

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 16

  1. Appellof E. S., 1986, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 604
  2. Brown A. L., 1978, Children's thinking: What develops?, 3
  3. Fuster J. M., 1985, Human Neurobiology, 4, 169
  4. Golden C. J., 1981, Neuropsychological assessment and the school‐age child, 277
  5. Goldman‐Rakic P. S., 1983, Paul H. Mussen handbook of child psychology Vol. 2, infancy and developmental psychobiology, 2, 281
  6. Ingvar D. H., 1985, Human Neurobiology, 4, 127
  7. Kirk U., 1986, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 604
  8. Klahr D., 1978, Children's thinking: What develops?, 181
  9. 10.2307/1129505 · DOI
  10. Milner B., 1964, The frontal granular cortex and behavior, 313
  11. Neisser U., 1967, Cognitive psychology
  12. Pennington B. F., 1985, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89, 467
  13. Teuber H. L., 1964, The frontal granular cortex and behavior, 410
  14. Walsh K. W., 1978, Neuropsychology: A clinical approach
  15. Welsh M. C., 1987, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, 28
  16. Willatts P., Infant development

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Metadata

Authors
Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., & Groisser, D. B.
Affiliations
  • University of Denver (US)
  • University of Colorado Health (US)
ORCID
Venue
Developmental Neuropsychology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
1991-01
Volume
7
Issue
2
Pages
131-149
ISSN
  • 1532-6942 (ISSN-L)
  • 8756-5641
DOI
10.1080/87565649109540483
OpenAlex
W2098266053
Cited by
1,313
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 53
FWCI
7.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Developmental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • March of Dimes Foundation
  • National Institute of Mental Health
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords
executive function, prefrontal cortex development, children, planning, set maintenance, impulse control, verbal fluency, motor sequencing, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Tower of Hanoi, Matching Familiar Figures Test, recognition memory

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