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STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES
Abstract
1. From Type III pneumococci a biologically active fraction has been isolated in highly purified form which in exceedingly minute amounts is capable under appropriate cultural conditions of inducing the transformation of unencapsulated R variants of Pneumococcus Type II into fully encapsulated cells of the same specific type as that of the heat-killed microorganisms from which the inducing material was recovered. 2. Methods for the isolation and purification of the active transforming material are described. 3. The data obtained by chemical, enzymatic, and serological analyses together with the results of preliminary studies by electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and ultraviolet spectroscopy indicate that, within the limits of the methods, the active fraction contains no demonstrable protein, unbound lipid, or serologically reactive polysaccharide and consists principally, if not solely, of a highly polymerized, viscous form of desoxyribonucleic acid. 4. Evidence is presented that the chemically induced alterations in cellular structure and function are predictable, type-specific, and transmissible in series. The various hypotheses that have been advanced concerning the nature of these changes are reviewed.
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The 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment showed that purified DNA from dead virulent pneumococcus transformed a non-virulent strain into a virulent strain.
“This experiment showed that purified DNA extracted from a dead virulent pneumococcus was able to ‘transform’ a non-virulent strain of pneumococcus (a bacterium able to cause acute pneumonia) into a virulent strain.”
From From Mendel to epigenetics: History of genetics (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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“In 1944, Oswald Avery (1877–1955) and coworkers definitively identified DNA as the genetic material; however, this did not immediately override the prejudice in favor of proteins [65].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Avery, O. T., MacLeod, C. M., & McCarty, M.
- Affiliations
- From the Hospital of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Medicine
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 1944-02-01
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 137-158
- ISSN
- 1540-9538
- 0022-1007
- PMC
- PMC2135445
- Cited by
- 2,683
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
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