DNA methylation and its basic function
Open accessAbstract
In the mammalian genome, DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism involving the transfer of a methyl group onto the C5 position of the cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine. DNA methylation regulates gene expression by recruiting proteins involved in gene repression or by inhibiting the binding of transcription factor(s) to DNA. During development, the pattern of DNA methylation in the genome changes as a result of a dynamic process involving both de novo DNA methylation and demethylation. As a consequence, differentiated cells develop a stable and unique DNA methylation pattern that regulates tissue-specific gene transcription. In this chapter, we will review the process of DNA methylation and demethylation in the nervous system. We will describe the DNA (de)methylation machinery and its association with other epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications and noncoding RNAs. Intriguingly, postmitotic neurons still express DNA methyltransferases and components involved in DNA demethylation. Moreover, neuronal activity can modulate their pattern of DNA methylation in response to physiological and environmental stimuli. The precise regulation of DNA methylation is essential for normal cognitive function. Indeed, when DNA methylation is altered as a result of developmental mutations or environmental risk factors, such as drug exposure and neural injury, mental impairment is a common side effect. The investigation into DNA methylation continues to show a rich and complex picture about epigenetic gene regulation in the central nervous system and provides possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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DNA methylation involves the covalent transfer of a methyl group from S-adenyl methionine to the C-5 position of a cytosine ring of DNA to form 5-methylcytosine.
“DNA methylation involves the covalent transfer of a methyl group from S-adenyl methionine to the C-5 position of a cytosine ring of DNA to form 5-methylcytosine (5mC; Moore et al., 2013).”
From The Epigenetics of Anxiety Pathophysiology: A DNA Methylation and Histone Modification Focused Review (2023) · cites this paper as Moore et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Moore, L. D., Le, T., & Fan, G.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fan, Guoping
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2012-07-11
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-38
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC3521964
- OpenAlex
- W2152656267
- Cited by
- 4,906
- References
- 213
- Citations by year
- 2026: 500 · 2025: 755 · 2024: 770 · 2023: 754 · 2022: 669 · 2021: 469 · 2020: 321 · 2019: 226 · 2018: 147 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Syndromes and Imprinting
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- DNA methylation, DNA demethylation, epigenetic regulation, 5-methylcytosine, DNA methyltransferases, postmitotic neurons, neuronal activity, histone modifications, non-coding RNA, cognitive function, neuropsychiatric disorders, nerve injury, drug exposure, central nervous system development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Central Nervous System, Humans, Signal Transduction, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic
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