Waddington, Dynamic Systems, and Epigenetics
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Waddington coined the term "epigenetic" to attempt to explain the complex, dynamic interactions between the developmental environment and the genome that led to the production of phenotype. Waddington's thoughts on the importance of both adaptability and canalization of phenotypic development are worth recalling as well, as they emphasize the available range for epigenetic action and the importance of environmental feedback (or lack thereof) in the development of complex traits. We suggest that a dynamic systems view fits well with Waddington's conception of epigenetics in the developmental context, as well as shedding light on the study of the molecular epigenetic effects of the environment on brain and behavior. Further, the dynamic systems view emphasizes the importance of the multi-directional interchange between the organism, the genome and various aspects of the environment to the ultimate phenotype.
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Epigenetics is the accepted link between the ability of the environment to influence the genome of an organism to alter gene expression and, thus, the observed phenotype.
“Coined in 1942 by Conrad Waddington, epigenetics, from the Greek “epi” meaning over or above, genetics, is the accepted link between the ability of the environment to influence the genome of an organism to alter gene expression and, thus, the observed phenotype (Tronick and Hunter, 2016).”
From The Epigenetics of Anxiety Pathophysiology: A DNA Methylation and Histone Modification Focused Review (2023) · cites this paper as Tronick and Hunter, 2016
In the section labeled Abstract (page not provided), the paper says Waddington introduced the term in 1942 to describe interactions between environment and genes that lead to phenotype, and it discusses environmental effects on gene expression. But it calls the meaning of epigenetics a continuing “semantic morass” and describes a narrower molecular definition as close to consensus, so it does not support presenting the claimed link as the accepted definition. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Frankel, S. A., THURBER, S. D., & Bourgeois, J. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14949-8_5
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Ranjini, Raviraj, Moorthy, S. M., & Doss, S. G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5061-0_5
Plant Immunity Released by CRISPR/Cas Technology‐Mediated Modifying Long Noncoding RNAs
Choudhury, A., Panigrahi, P., Deo, S., Nayak, B., Dhaarani, V., Tripathy, S., Sahoo, J. P., & Tripathy, S. K. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394280049.ch7
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Teets, E. M., & Singhvi, A. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2525456122
Rao, I., Kellis, M., & Tanigawa, Y. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689166
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The effects of loading density during transport on MyomiR expression and meat quality in sheep
Daldabana, F., Kecicib, P. D., Ekiz, B., Yılmaz, A., Akyüz, B., & Arslan, K. (2026) · Small Ruminant Research · doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2026.107713
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Su, F., & Liu, W. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7295-3_9
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Self-citationMukherjee, A., Janah, P., Tripathi, A., Gayen, P., & Roy, R. S. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c10558
Histone metalation: A novel layer to the epigenetic histone code
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GALLAGHER, R. C., Skyberg, A. M., MORRIS, J. P., & Connelly, J. J. (2026) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19043-8.00016-5
- Authors
- Tronick, E., & Hunter, R. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tronick, Ed
- Hunter, Richard G.
- ORCID
- Hunter, Richard G.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-06-10
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 107-107
- ISSN
- 1662-5153 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4901045
- OpenAlex
- W2417209237
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 40.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1457111)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1 R01 HD083267-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- epigenetics, dynamical systems theory, canalization, developmental environment, gene-environment interaction, phenotypes, environmental feedback, brain-behavior relationship, organism-environment interaction
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