Entropy Generation and the Survival of Protogalaxies in an Expanding Universe

Weinberg, Steven

doi:10.1086/151073

Cited by 734Cosmology and Gravitation TheoriesGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaDark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena

Entropy Generation and the Survival of Protogalaxies in an Expanding Universe

Weinberg, Steven·1971·The Astrophysical Journal

DOI 10.1086/151073

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Abstract

General formulae are derived for the bulk viscosity, shear viscosity, and heat transport due to radia tion, and for the damping rate of sound waves, in an imperfect relativistic fluid. These results are used to evaluate the cosmological entropy production associated with a nonvanishing mean free time of photons, neutrinos, or gravitons, and to calculate the rate of damping of protogalactic fluctuations in the period immediately prior to the recombination of hydrogen.

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Quark nuggets evaporate as long as the temperature is above ∼50 MeV.
“The quark nuggets evaporate as long as the temperature is above ∼ 50 MeV [99].”
From Phase Transitions in the Early and Present Universe (2006) · cites this paper as [99]

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Authors: Weinberg, S.
Corresponding author: Weinberg, Steven
Venue: The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 1971-09
Volume: 168
Pages: 175
ISSN: 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
1538-4357
DOI: 10.1086/151073
OpenAlex: W2006497728
Cited by: 734
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 8.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
Keywords: entropy production, protogalaxies, cosmic expansion, bulk viscosity, shear viscosity, radiative heat transport, acoustic damping, mean free time, photon mean free path, neutrino mean free path, hydrogen recombination

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Entropy Generation and the Survival of Protogalaxies in an Expanding Universe

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