Innumeracy about minority populations
Abstract
We use a small but nationally representative sample to investigate the sources of innumeracy regarding the proportion of blacks, Hispanics, and Jews in the U.S. population. In addition to a number of standard demographic differences, we find that overestimates are closely related to region as well as to the density of the local black/Hispanic population. The extent to which minority populations are perceived as a kind of threat is also related to perceived proportions, though the direction of causality cannot be determined. We discuss the meaningfulness of these population estimates and speculate on whether trying to improve them would alter attitudes toward minorities.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
On immigration, opponents perceive a larger share of foreign-born citizens in the population than proponents.
“On the issue of immigration, opponents perceive a larger share of foreign-born citizens in the population than proponents (Nadeau et al., 1993;Herda, 2013).”
From Factual belief polarization between Democrats and Republicans: source or epiphenomenon of ideological and affective polarization? (2024) · cites this paper as Nadeau et al., 1993
Cites
(1954) · Cited by 15,935 · see citing works
Statistical Abstract of the U nited S tates
(2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess2527 · Cited by 8,872 · see citing works
Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position
Blumer, H. (1958) · The Pacific Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/1388607 · Cited by 3,487 · see citing works
Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations
Davies, I., & Blalock, H. M. (1967) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/588680 · Cited by 2,964 · see citing works
Explaining political sophistication
Luskin, R. C. (1990) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00992793 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
“Sophisticated” Voting in the 1988 Presidential Primaries
Abramson, P. R., Aldrich, J. H., Paolino, P., & Rohde, D. W. (1992) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1964015 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Graber, D. Α. (1990) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1963322 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Percent Black and Racial Hostility: An Old Assumption Reexamined.
Giles, M. W. (1977) · Social Science Quarterly · Cited by 129 · see citing works
TRENDS IN AMERICANS' POLITICAL INFORMATION, 1967-1987
Bennett, S. E. (1989) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/004478089017004005 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Perceptions of the magnitude and diversity of social support
Goethals, G. R., Allison, S. J., & Frost, M. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(79)90052-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
BINOCULAR RESOLUTION AND PERCEPTION OF RACE IN SOUTH AFRICA*
Pettigrew, T. F., Āllport, G. W., & BARNETT, E. O. (1958) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1958.tb00665.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Social Sources of Political Knowledge
Lambert, R. D., Curtis, J. E., Kay, B. J., & Brown, S. D. (1988) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423900056341 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Simon, B. C., & Mummendey, A. (1990) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420200406 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Opposition to multiculturalism among Québécois and English‐Canadians*
Lambert, R. D., & Curtis, J. E. (1983) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/j.1755-618x.1983.tb00896.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Gender Gap in Political Knowledge
Carpini, M. X. D., & Keeter, S. (1992) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
L'OPINION DES QUEBECOIS EN MATIERE D'IMMIGRATION: UNE ANALYSE POLYTOMIQUE ORDINALEPreprint
Bolduc, D., & Fortin, P. (1988) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 17 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship
Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., Jerit, J., Schwieder, D., & Rich, R. F. (2000) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/0022-3816.00033 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Schlueter, E., & Scheepers, P. (2010) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.07.006 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214524993 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Immigration and the Imagined Community in Europe and the United States
Citrin, J., & Sides, J. (2008) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00716.x · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Dixon, J. C. (2006) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0085 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
The muted consequences of correct information about immigration
Hopkins, D. J., Sides, J., & Citrin, J. (2019) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/699914 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Alba, R., Rumbaut, R. G., & Marotz, K. G. (2005) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0002 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Enos, R. D. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12156 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
RACIAL COMPOSITION OF NEIGHBORHOOD AND FEAR OF CRIME*
Chiricos, T., HOGAN, M., & Gertz, M. (1997) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00872.x · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Feeling Threatened About the Future
Outten, H. R., Schmitt, M. T., Miller, D. A., & Garcia, A. L. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211418531 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Foreigners' Impact on European Societies
Semyonov, M., Raijman, R., & Gorodzeisky, A. (2008) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715207088585 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Does information change attitudes toward immigrants?
Grigorieff, A., Roth, C., & Ubfal, D. (2020) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-020-00882-8 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Perceived Racial and Ethnic Composition of Neighborhood and Perceived Risk of Crime
Chiricos, T., McEntire, R., & Gertz, M. (2001) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2001.48.3.322 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Desmond, M., & Emirbayer, M. (2009) · Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x09990166 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Are Americans Ambivalent Towards Racial Policies?
Alvarez, R. M., & Brehm, J. (1997) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111768 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Iyer, A. (2022) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12666 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Pickett, J. T., Chiricos, T., Golden, K., & Gertz, M. (2012) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00255.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Wong, C. J. (2007) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfm023 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
How Many Immigrants?: Foreign-Born Population Innumeracy in Europe
Herda, D. (2010) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfq013 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Educated Guesses: The Process of Answering Factual Knowledge Questions in Surveys
Nadeau, R., & Niemi, R. G. (1995) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/269480 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationBringing the Person Back In: Boundaries, Perceptions, and the Measurement of Racial Context
Wong, C. J., Bowers, J., Williams, T., & Simmons, K. D. (2012) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381612000552 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Political Position and Social Knowledge
Martin, J. L., & Desmond, M. (2010) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01154.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The consequences of political innumeracy
Lawrence, E. D., & Sides, J. (2014) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168014545414 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?
Alesina, A., & Tabellini, M. (2024) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20221643 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Reality Bites: The Limits of Framing Effects for Salient and Contested Policy Issues
Bechtel, M. M., Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D., & Helbling, M. (2015) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2014.39
Emotions, Issue Importance, and Political Learning
Nadeau, R., Niemi, R. G., & Amato, T. (1995) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111644 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationNewman, B. J., Velez, Y. R., Hartman, T. K., & Bankert, A. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12069 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Asking About Numbers: Why and How
Ansolabehere, S. D., Meredith, M. N., & Snowberg, E. (2012) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mps031 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Wickes, R. L., Hipp, J. R., Zahnow, R., & MAZEROLLE, L. G. (2013) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12011 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Miscounting Race: Explaining Whites' Misperceptions of Racial Group Size
Gallagher, C. A. (2003) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1525/sop.2003.46.3.381 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Hispanic Population Growth Engenders Conservative Shift Among Non-Hispanic Racial Minorities
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617712029 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Innumeracy about Minority Populations
Sigelman, L., & Niemi, R. G. (2000) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/320039 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnson, B. D., Stewart, E. A., Pickett, J. T., & Gertz, M. (2011) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00225.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
RetractedHelbling, M., Reeskens, T., & Stolle, D. (2013) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12087 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bias and ignorance in demographic perception
Landy, D. H., Guay, B., & Marghetis, T. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1360-2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?
Alesina, A., & Tabellini, M. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30079 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Contact, Community Context, and Public Attitudes toward Gay Men and Lesbians
Overby, L. M., & Barth, J. (2002) · Polity · doi:10.1086/polv34n4ms3235412 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Misperceptions about Immigration: Reviewing Their Nature, Motivations and Determinants
Lutz, P., & Bitschnau, M. (2022) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123422000084 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Gandy, O. H., Kopp, K., Hands, T., Frazer, K., & Phillips, D. (1997) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/297791 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
IT IS THE EYES AND NOT THE SIZE THAT MATTER
Strabac, Z. (2011) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2010.550631 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The ‘illegal’ and the skilled: effects of media portrayals on perceptions of immigrants in Britain
Blinder, S. B., & Jeannet, A. (2017) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2017.1412253 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Too many immigrants? Examining alternative forms of immigrant population innumeracy
Herda, D. (2013) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1525/sop.2013.56.2.213 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-Awareness of Political Knowledge
GRAHAM, M. H. (2018) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9499-8 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Strategic voting, information, and ethnicity in emerging democracies: Evidence from Kenya
Horowitz, J. D., & Long, J. E. (2016) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2016.08.009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sides, J. M., & Citrin, J. (2007) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kardosh, R., Sklar, A. Y., Goldstein, A., Pertzov, Y., & Hassin, R. R. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2116884119 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Herda, D. (2015) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2015.1005643 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2018) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.5.07 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Economic Inequality and U.S. Public Policy Mood Across Space and Time
Johnston, C. D., & Newman, B. J. (2015) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x15588361 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Joslyn, M. R. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190064822.001.0001 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Filindra, A. (2018) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12264 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
One million and counting: Students' estimates of the annual number of homicides in the U.S.
Vandiver, M., & GIACOPASSI, D. J. (1997) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511259700086261 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Jørgensen, F. J., & Osmundsen, M. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2020.35 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hate crime towards minoritized groups increases as they increase in sized-based rank
Cikara, M., Fouka, V., & Tabellini, M. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01416-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
McConnell, E. D. (2011) · Latino Studies · doi:10.1057/lst.2011.17 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Are Gay Men and Lesbians in the South the New “Threat”?: Regional Comparisons of the Contact Theory
Barth, J., & Overby, L. M. (2003) · Politics & Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1747-1346.2003.tb00157.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ratio Bias and Policy Preferences: How Equivalency Framing of Numbers Can Affect Attitudes
Pedersen, R. T. (2016) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12362 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ready When the Big One Comes? Natural Disasters and Mass Support for Preparedness Investment
Bechtel, M. M., & Mannino, M. (2021) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-021-09738-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dunaway, J., Goidel, K., Kirzinger, A., & Wilkinson, B. C. (2011) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00797.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Social Trust and Anti-immigrant Attitudes in Europe: A Longitudinal Multi-Level Analysis
Mitchell, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.604884 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rekker, R., & Harteveld, E. (2024) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/s41269-022-00265-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“One Muslim is Enough!” Evidence from a Field Experiment in France
Adida, Laitin, & Valfort (2016) · Annals of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.121-122.121 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Social Engagement and Immigration Attitudes: Panel Survey Evidence from Germany
Fitzgerald, J. (2012) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1111/imre.12006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
PERCEPTIONS AND REALITIES OF AVERAGE TAX RATES IN THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX
Ballard, C. L., & Gupta, S. (2018) · National Tax Journal · doi:10.17310/ntj.2018.2.03 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Going with the Flows: Information that Changes Americans’ Immigration Preferences
Blinder, S. B., & Schaffner, B. F. (2019) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edz007 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Laméris, J., Hipp, J. R., & Tolsma, J. (2018) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.02.010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Basile, L., & Olmastroni, F. (2019) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12363 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Innocuous Ignorance?: Perceptions of the American Jewish Population Size
Herda, D. (2013) · Contemporary Jewry · doi:10.1007/s12397-013-9105-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Belief Systems and Political Decision Making
Kuklinski, J. H., & Peyton, B. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Martinez, M. D., Wald, K. D., & Craig, S. C. (2008) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfn049 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Racial Categorization and Stereotype‐Based Judgments About Homeless People1
Whaley, A. L., & Link, B. G. (1998) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01701.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Perceptions of Racial Group Size in a Minority-majority Area
Kunovich, R. M. (2016) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1177/0731121416675869 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Filip‐Crawford, G., & Neuberg, S. L. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315601613 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Antisemitism in Contemporary America
Smith, T., & Schapiro, B. A. M. (2019) · American Jewish year book · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03907-3_3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nadeau, R., Blais, A., Nevitte, N. H., Gidengil, E., & Blais, A. (2000) · Canadian Public Policy · doi:10.2307/3552257 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond Performance: Racial Resentment and Whites’ Negativity Toward GovernmentPreprint
Filindra, A., & Kaplan, N. J. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3574804 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Joslyn, M. R., & Haider‐Markel, D. P. (2018) · Politics & Policy · doi:10.1111/polp.12276 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A review of experimental evidence of how communication affects attitudes to immigration
Dennison, J. (2022) · Comparative Migration Studies · doi:10.1186/s40878-022-00310-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Proliferation of Criminal Background Check Laws in the United States
McElhattan, D. (2022) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/718262 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Laméris, J., Kraaykamp, G., Ruiter, S., & Tolsma, J. (2018) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.01.002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Four Questions about American Jewish Demography
Sheskin, I. M. (2008) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Perceived Local Population Dynamics and Immigration Policy Views
Chan, S., Raychaudhuri, T., & Valenzuela, A. A. (2022) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x221136842 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Quirks of cognition explain why we dramatically overestimate the size of minority groups
Guay, B., Marghetis, T., Wong, C. J., & Landy, D. H. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2413064122 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
How Accurate Are Perceptions of Social Statistics about Blacks and Whites?
Kaplowitz, S. A., Fisher, B. J., & Broman, C. L. (2003) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/374400 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Race and Redistribution in the United States: An Experimental Analysis
Akesson, J., Hahn, R. W., Metcalfe, R., & Rasooly, I. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30426 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Deutschmann, E. (2025) · Acta Sociologica · doi:10.1177/00016993241311523 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Effect of Immigration from Mexico on Social Capital in the United States
Levy, M. E. (2015) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1111/imre.12231 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mena, P. (2021) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849211028762 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“We’re Better than Most”: Diversity Discourse in the San Francisco Bay Area Tech Industry
Luhr, S. W. (2023) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spad014 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Politicians Appear More Competent When Using Numerical Rhetoric
Pedersen, R. T. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2017.7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Political Polarization Over Factual Beliefs
Rekker, R. (2022) · Knowledge Resistance in High-Choice Information Environments · doi:10.4324/9781003111474-12 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Aalberg, T., & Strabac, Z. (2010) · Nordicom review/NORDICOM review · doi:10.1515/nor-2017-0119 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Steele, L. G., & Perkins, K. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2019.00018 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kunovich, R. M. (2013) · Communist and Post-Communist Studies · doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.12.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Social Construction of Social Facts
Townsley, E. (2007) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.1177/0092055x0703500302 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Reality Bites: The Limits of Framing Effects for Salient and Contested Policy IssuesPreprint
Bechtel, M. M., Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D., & Helbling, M. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2025552 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Numbers and Images: Representations of Immigration and Public Attitudes about Immigration in Canada
Paquet, M., & Lawlor, A. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423922000786 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kunovich, R. M. (2012) · International Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2753/ijs0020-7659420405 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hostility Toward Immigration in SpainPreprint
Coma, F. M. I., & Hernandez, R. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1391761 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
John, E. A., & Kapilashrami, A. (2020) · Indian Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.20529/ijme.2020.131 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nadeau, R., Niemi, R. G., & Levine, J.
- Affiliations
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Indiana University (US)
- ORCID
- Nadeau, Richard
- Venue
- Public Opinion Quarterly
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 332
- ISSN
- 0033-362X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2137794218
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Public Opinion Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Keywords
- innumeracy, numeracy, minority groups, racial and ethnic minorities, Black population, Hispanic population, Jewish population, regional variation, threat perception, attitudes toward minorities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review