The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phylogenies and the Comparative Method
Abstract
Comparative studies of the relationship between two phenotypes, or between a phenotype and an environment, are frequently carried out by invalid statistical methods. Most regression, correlation, and contingency table methods, including nonparametric methods, assume that the points are drawn independently from a common distribution. When species are taken from a branching phylogeny, they are manifestly nonindependent. Use of a statistical method that assumes independence will cause overstatement of the significance in hypothesis tests. Some illustrative examples of these phenomena have been given, and limitations of previous proposals of ways to correct for the nonindependence have been discussed. A method of correcting for the phylogeny has been proposed. It requires that we know both the tree topology and the branch lengths, and that we be willing to allow the characters to be modeled by Brownian motion on a linear scale. Given these conditions, the phylogeny specifies a set of contrasts among species, contrasts that are statistically independent and can be used in regression or correlation studies. The considerable barriers to making practical use of this technique have been discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We calculated standardized independent contrasts (FIC: Felsenstein 1985) for each of the above factors (territoriality, shoulder height, body mass, habitat openness and group size) using the PDTREE module (Midford et al. 2005) in Mesquite 2.5 (Maddison & Maddison 2008) to account for shared ancestry.”
From Evolution of weaponry in female bovids (2009) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“To test the effects of shared ancestry on trait correlations, we also carried out EMMLi analysis on the phylogenetic independent contrasts (45) of the landmark configurations. This analysis supported the same most likely model and relative strength of correlations within and among modules as the analysis of the raw data did.”
From Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Firstly, because of shared phylogenetic descent, species data are likely not to represent statistically independent points.This results in overestimation of degrees of freedom and an increased Type I error rate.”
From Allometric scaling of mammalian metabolism (2005) · cites this paper as Felsenstein, 1985
In the citing paper
“Felsenstein also noted that the problem of nonindependence does not occur if”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“He then evolved traits according to a BM process along the phylogeny; he recovered a significant regression slope using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) despite there being no evolutionary covariance between the traits.”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“As stated above, the IC method is based on the BM model of trait evolution.”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“This led to the development of numerous methods that take phylogeny into account and control for the non-independence of species16,18,19,33.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“The fact that species cannot be considered independent data points was first recognized in the 1970s by evolutionary biologists studying the evolution of life history traits such as sexual dimorphism and home range in primates16,18,30–32.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“However, species, genomes and genes cannot be considered as independent data points within statistical tests.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Closely related species tend to be similar because they share genes by common descent, which must be accounted for in analyses.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“There is no simple and robust alternative to controlling for phylogeny, and consequently, the best effort possible must be made to take phylogeny into account, to be able to detect real effects and avoid false positives.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Collecting many more data points from the same phylogenetic cluster could increase any bias due to phylogenetic non-independence (Fig. 1)16,18,20.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Instead, controlling for phylogeny can reduce the chance of detecting a significant result that is not real (Type II error or ‘false positive’)18,42.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Controlling for confounding variables such as phylogeny does not reduce statistical power, because such variables should be accounted for before making any estimates of power18,114,115.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Phylogenetic independent contrasts were also calculated from the data to examine scaling relationships while controlling for the effects of phylogenetic relatedness in the data set (59).”
From Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex (2006) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“With a phylogeny, it becomes possible to examine correlated evolutionary change directly along the branches of the tree, for example with the method of independent contrasts (Felsenstein 1985; Garland et al. 1992; Nunn and Barton 2001). Alternatively, one can use the phylogeny to statistically control for nonindependence in the underlying data, for example by using phylogenetic generalized least”
From How does cognition evolve? Phylogenetic comparative psychology (2012) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
Citations
Cites
Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach.
Felsenstein, J. (1981) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01734359 · Cited by 14,571
Self-citationCases in which Parsimony or Compatibility Methods Will be Positively Misleading
Felsenstein, J. (1978) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/27.4.401 · Cited by 3,261
Self-citationPopulation density and body size in mammals
Damuth, J. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290699a0 · Cited by 1,189
Primate Ecology and Social Organization
Richard, A. F. (1982) · Cited by 835
Relative brain size and basal metabolic rate in terrestrial vertebrates
Martin, R. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/293057a0 · Cited by 711
Maximum-likelihood estimation of evolutionary trees from continuous characters.
(1973) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 700
Self-citationFelsenstein, J. (1981) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04991.x · Cited by 456
Self-citationPilbeam, D., & Gould, S. J. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.186.4167.892 · Cited by 416
Parsimony in Systematics: Biological and Statistical Issues
Felsenstein, J. (1983) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.14.110183.001525 · Cited by 352
Self-citationRelative Brain Size and Metabolism in Mammals
Armstrong, E. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6407108 · Cited by 252
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 4,401–4,500 of 9,780
The spinning apparatus of webspinners – functional-morphology, morphometrics and spinning behaviour
Büsse, S., Hörnschemeyer, T., Hohu, K., McMillan, D. M., & Edgerly, J. S. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep09986 · Cited by 35
Biochemical and molecular genetic markers in biosystematic studies of forest trees
Strauss, S. H., Bousquet, J., Hipkins, V. D., & Hong, Y. P. (1992) · New Forests · doi:10.1007/bf00120642 · Cited by 34
Novel chromatic and structural biomarkers of diet in carotenoid–bearing plumage
Bleiweiss, R. E. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2868 · Cited by 35
Misof, B. Y. (2002) · Zoology · doi:10.1078/0944-2006-00076 · Cited by 35
Ecological characteristics of flea species relate to their suitability as plague vectors
Krasnov, B. R., Shenbrot, G. I., Mouillot, D., Khokhlova, I. S., & Poulin, R. (2006) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0455-7 · Cited by 35
Allozyme and morphological variation in two subspecies of Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae)in Alaska
Max, K. N., Mouchaty, S. K., & Schwaegerle, K. E. (1999) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.2307/2656800 · Cited by 35
Patterns of speciation in endemic Mexican Goodeid fish: sexual conflict or early radiation?
Ritchie, M. G., Webb, S. A., Graves, J. A., Magurran, A. E., & Garcı́a, C. M. (2005) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00919.x · Cited by 35
Latitudinal trends in body size among over‐wintering leaf warblers (genus Phylloscopus )
Katti, M., & Price, T. D. (2003) · Ecography · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03264.x · Cited by 35
Redesigning spider webs: Stickiness, capture area and the evolution of modern orb-webs
Opell, B. D. (1999) · Evolutionary ecology research · Cited by 35
Genome Size Evolution in New Zealand Triplefin Fishes
Hickey, A. J., & Clements, K. D. (2005) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/esi061 · Cited by 33
Ecological and taxonomic differences between rare and common plants of southwestern Ontario
Cadotte, M. W., & Lovett‐Doust, J. (2002) · Ecoscience · doi:10.1080/11956860.2002.11682727 · Cited by 35
AN INTRASPECIFIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHARACTER DIVERGENCE BETWEEN SYMPATRIC SPECIES
Marko, P. B. (2005) · Evolution · doi:10.1554/04-205 · Cited by 35
Phylogenetic comparison and artificial selection
Garland, T. (2001) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3401-0_9 · Cited by 35
Giannasi, N., Thorpe, R. S., & Malhotra, A. (2000) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00848.x · Cited by 35
Afonnikov, D. A., Oshchepkov, D. Y., & Kolchanov, N. A. (2001) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/17.11.1035 · Cited by 35
Gaston, K. J., Blackburn, T. M., & Gregory, R. D. (1998) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00669.x · Cited by 35
Biochemical Correlates of Calling Activity in Neotropical Frogs
Bevier, C. R. (1995) · Physiological Zoology · doi:10.1086/physzool.68.6.30163796 · Cited by 35
SOCIAL SYSTEMS, RESOURCES, AND PHYLOGENETIC INERTIA: AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST AND ITS LIMITATIONS
Berger, J. (1988) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-648780-0.50012-8 · Cited by 35
Phylogenetic systematics and biomechanics in ecomorphology
Westneat, M. W. (1995) · Developments in environmental biology of fishes · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1356-6_18 · Cited by 35
Phylogenetic signals in host-parasite associations for Neotropical bats and Nearctic desert rodents
Presley, S. J., Dallas, T., Klingbeil, B. T., & Willig, M. R. (2015) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12601 · Cited by 34
Resource buffering and the evolution of bird migration
Bell, C. P. (2010) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-010-9383-4 · Cited by 34
Mellor, E., Kinkaid, H. M., & Mason, G. J. (2018) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21427 · Cited by 33
The patterns and modes of the evolution of disparity in Mesozoic birds
Wang, M., Lloyd, G. T., Zhang, C., & Zhou, Z. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.3105 · Cited by 32
Tingle, J., Garner, K. L., & Astley, H. C. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15109 · Cited by 34
Multi‐response phylogenetic mixed models: concepts and application
Halliwell, B., Holland, B. R., & Yates, L. A. (2025) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.70001 · Cited by 33
Buckley, Y. M. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672547.003.0007 · Cited by 37
Staton, S. E., & Burke, J. M. (2015) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1830-8 · Cited by 34
Sivasundar, A., & Palumbi, S. R. (2010) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01977.x · Cited by 34
Bone histology, phylogeny, and palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Legendre, L. J., Bourdon, E., Scofield, R. P., Tennyson, A. J. D., Lamrous, H., de Ricqlès, A. J., & Cubo, J. (2014) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12312 · Cited by 34
Pointer, M. A., & Mundy, N. I. (2008) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-249 · Cited by 34
Thermal and hygric physiology of Australian burrowing mygalomorph spiders (Aganippe spp.)
Mason, L. D., Tomlinson, S., Withers, P. C., & Main, B. Y. (2012) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-012-0681-8 · Cited by 34
Flores‐Moreno, H., Thomson, F. J., Warton, D. I., & Moles, A. T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068541 · Cited by 34
Salt- and alkaline-tolerance are linked in Acacia
Bui, E. N., Thornhill, A. H., & Miller, J. T. (2014) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0278 · Cited by 34
Patterns of Interspecific Variation in the Heart Rates of Embryonic Reptiles
Du, W., Ye, H., Zhao, B., Pizzatto, L., Ji, X., & Shine, R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029027 · Cited by 34
Gaafar, A.-R. Z., Al‐Qurainy, F., & Khan, S. (2014) · BMC Genetics · doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0109-4 · Cited by 34
Starko, S., & Martone, P. T. (2015) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.12368 · Cited by 34
Assessment of the Relative Merits of a Few Methods to Detect Evolutionary Trends
Laurin, M. (2010) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/syq059 · Cited by 34
Estrella, S. M., Masero, J. A., & Pérez‐Hurtado, A. (2007) · The Auk · doi:10.1093/auk/124.4.1244 · Cited by 34
The evolution of anthropoid molar proportions
Carter, K. E., & Worthington, S. (2016) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0673-5 · Cited by 34
The impact of digging on craniodental morphology and integration
McIntosh, A. F., & Cox, P. G. (2016) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.12962 · Cited by 34
Morinaga, G., & Bergmann, P. J. (2017) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx040 · Cited by 34
Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using marine bacteria and Box–Behnken design optimization
Camas, M., Celik, F., Çamaş, A. S., & Ozalp, H. B. (2018) · Particulate Science And Technology · doi:10.1080/02726351.2017.1287794 · Cited by 34
Pochon, X., Wecker, P., Stat, M., Berteaux‐Lecellier, V., & Lecellier, G. J. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.6898 · Cited by 34
Carnivoran hunting style and phylogeny reflected in bony labyrinth morphometry
Schwab, J. A., Kriwet, J., Weber, G. W., & Pfaff, C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37106-4 · Cited by 34
Phylogeny-corrected identification of microbial gene families relevant to human gut colonization
Bradley, P. H., Nayfach, S., & Pollard, K. S. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006242 · Cited by 33
Knörnschild, M., Fernandez, A. A., & Nagy, M. (2019) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13407 · Cited by 34
Renner, M. A. M., Foster, C. S. P., Miller, J. T., & Murphy, D. J. (2019) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.16349 · Cited by 33
Genome size and endopolyploidy evolution across the moss phylogeny
Bainard, J. D., Newmaster, S. G., & Budke, J. M. (2019) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcz194 · Cited by 34
The macroevolutionary landscape of short-necked plesiosaurians
Fischer, V., MacLaren, J. A., Soul, L. C., Bennion, R. F., Druckenmiller, P. S., & Benson, R. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73413-5 · Cited by 34
Lianas explore the forest canopy more effectively than trees under drier conditions
Medina‐Vega, J. A., Bongers, F., Schnitzer, S. A., & Sterck, F. J. (2020) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13717 · Cited by 34
Song Post Height in Relation to Predator Diversity and Urbanization
Møller, A. P. (2011) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01899.x · Cited by 34
Wong, A. (2011) · International Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.4061/2011/908735 · Cited by 34
Matějů, J., & Kratochvíl, L. (2013) · Frontiers in Zoology · doi:10.1186/1742-9994-10-27 · Cited by 34
Wright, M. A. R., Ianni, M. D., & Costea, M. (2011) · Plant Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0550-z · Cited by 34
Abt, B., Göker, M., Scheuner, C., Han, C. S., Lu, M., Misra, M., Lapidus, A. L., Nolan, M., Lucas, S. M., Hammon, N. M., et al. (2013) · Standards in Genomic Sciences · doi:10.4056/sigs.3096473 · Cited by 34
Are there body size implications for the success of globally introduced land birds?
Cassey, P. (2001) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2001.tb00476.x · Cited by 34
Field metabolic rate and water turnover of the numbat ( Myrmecobius fasciatus )
Cooper, C. E., Withers, P. C., & Bradshaw, D. (2003) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-003-0380-6 · Cited by 36
Comparative Energetics of the SubterraneanCtenomysRodents: Breaking Patterns
Luna, F., Antenucci, C. D., & Bozinovic, F. (2009) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/597526 · Cited by 34
Griffiths, M. E., & Lawes, M. J. (2006) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04657.x · Cited by 34
Dellicour, S., Lecocq, T., Kuhlmann, M. T., Mardulyn, P., & Michez, D. (2013) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.013 · Cited by 34
Competition as a mechanism structuring mutualisms
Warren, R. J., Giladi, I., & Bradford, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12203 · Cited by 34
White, C. R., Matthews, P. G. D., & Seymour, R. S. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02233 · Cited by 33
Comparative Postautotomy Tail Activity in Six Mediterranean Lacertid Lizard Species
Pafilis, P., Valakos, E. D., & Foufopoulos, J. B. (2005) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/431192 · Cited by 34
Steenhuisen, S., Raguso, R. A., & Johnson, S. D. (2012) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.08.012 · Cited by 34
Patterns of convergence in general shell form among Paleozoic gastropods
Wagner, P. J., & Erwin, D. H. (2006) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/04092.1 · Cited by 34
Wilkinson, E., Engelbrecht, S., & de Oliveira, T. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep16897 · Cited by 34
Lukhtanov, V. A., Vishnevskaya, M., & Saifitdinova, A. F. (2016) · Comparative Cytogenetics · doi:10.3897/compcytogen.v10i5.10944 · Cited by 34
Riesco, R., Carro, L., Román‐Ponce, B., Prieto, C. A. V., Blom, J., Klenk, H., Normand, P., & Trujillo, M. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01360 · Cited by 34
Evolution of aerial spider webs coincided with repeated structural optimization of silk anchorages
Wolff, J. O., Paterno, G. B., Liprandi, D., Ramírez, M. J., Bosia, F., van der Meijden, A., Michalik, P., Smith, H., Jones, B. R., Ravelo, A. M., et al. (2019) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.13834 · Cited by 34
Convergent evolution of super black plumage near bright color in 15 bird families
McCoy, D. E., & Prum, R. O. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.208140 · Cited by 35
Eggshell morphology and gekkotan life-history evolution
Pike, D. A., Andrews, R. M., & Du, W. (2011) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-011-9527-1 · Cited by 34
The Central American Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri oerstedii): Introduced Hybrid or Endemic Species?
Cropp, S. J., & Boinski, S. (2000) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0814 · Cited by 34
Molina, Y., Harris, R. M., & O’Donnell, S. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0817 · Cited by 34
Blackburn, T. M., Jones, K. E., Cassey, P., & Losin, N. (2004) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.01018.x · Cited by 34
DIETARY AND SEXUAL CORRELATES OF CAROTENOID PIGMENT EXPRESSION IN DOVE PLUMAGE
Mahler, B., Araujo, L. S., & Tubaro, P. L. (2003) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/condor/105.2.258 · Cited by 34
Cladistic analyses of some net-veinedLiliiflorae
Conran, J. G. (1989) · Plant Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00936093 · Cited by 34
Arnold, S. J. (1988) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/28.3.815 · Cited by 34
Effects of Varied Electrophoretic Conditions on Detection of Evolutionary Patterns in the Laridae
Hackett, S. J. (1989) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.2307/1368150 · Cited by 34
Olmstead, R. G. (1990) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb04279.x · Cited by 34
Garland, T., Martin, K. L. M., & Díaz‐Uriarte, R. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012676460-4/50014-7 · Cited by 34
Artificial intelligence and molecular biology
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-3826 · Cited by 34
Barbosa, A. (1999) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/10.2.128 · Cited by 33
The ecological drivers of growth form evolution in flowering plants
Klimeš, A., Šímová, I., Zizka, A., Antonelli, A., & Herben, T. (2022) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13888 · Cited by 33
An effect size for comparing the strength of morphological integration across studies
Conaway, M. A., & Adams, D. C. (2022) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.14595 · Cited by 33
Cryptic diversity begets challenges and opportunities in biodiversity research
CHENG, R., Luo, A., Orr, M. C., Ge, D., Hou, Z., Qu, Y., Guo, B., Zhang, F., Sha, Z., Zhao, Z., et al. (2024) · Integrative Zoology · doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12809 · Cited by 38
Masters, J. C., Lovegrove, B. G., & de Wit, M. J. (2006) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01569.x · Cited by 33
Deng, J., Brettar, I., Luo, C., Auchtung, J. M., Konstantinidis, K. T., Rodrigues, J. L. M., Höfle, M. G., & Tiedje, J. M. (2013) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12344 · Cited by 33
Dong, Y., Dai, F., Ren, Y., Liu, H., Chen, L., Yang, P., Liu, Y., Li, X., Wang, W., & Xiang, H. (2015) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1420-9 · Cited by 33
Tap-root depth of tropical seedlings in relation to species-specific edaphic preferences
Yamada, T., Suzuki, E., Yamakura, T., & Tan, S. (2005) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467404002238 · Cited by 33
The Evolution of Morphospace in Phytophagous Scarab Chafers: No Competition - No Divergence?
Eberle, J., Myburgh, R., & AHRENS, D. C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098536 · Cited by 33
Kolbe, S. E., Lockwood, R., & Hunt, G. (2011) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/09073.1 · Cited by 33
THE EVOLUTION OF LOCOMOTOR RHYTHMICITY IN TETRAPODS
Ross, C. F., Blob, R. W., Carrier, D. R., Daley, M. A., Deban, S. M., Demes, B., Gripper, J. L., Iriarte-Díaz, J., Kilbourne, B. M., Landberg, T., et al. (2012) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.12015 · Cited by 32
Castillo, D. M., Mell, J. C., Box, K. S., & Blumenstiel, J. P. (2011) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-258 · Cited by 33
Association of Coloration Mode with Population Declines and Endangerment in Australian Frogs
Forsman, A., & Hagman, M. (2009) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01244.x · Cited by 33
Sympatric Ecology of Five Species of Fossorial Snakes (Elapidae) in Western Australia
Goodyear, S. E., & Pianka, E. R. (2008) · Journal of Herpetology · doi:10.1670/07-1391.1 · Cited by 33
Tortoise (Reptilia, Testudinidae) radiations in Southern Africa from the Eocene to the present
Hofmeyr, M. D., Vamberger, M., Branch, W. R., Schleicher, A., & Daniels, S. R. (2016) · Zoologica Scripta · doi:10.1111/zsc.12223 · Cited by 33
Tolkoff, M. R., Alfaro, M. E., Baele, G., Lemey, P., & Suchard, M. A. (2017) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx066 · Cited by 36
Chalcoff, V. R., Gleiser, G., Ezcurra, C., & Aizen, M. A. (2017) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-017-9887-2 · Cited by 33
Bu, H.-Y., Wang, X., Zhou, X.-H., Qi, W., Liu, K., Wenjing, G., Xu, D.-H., & Zhang, S. (2016) · Folia Geobotanica · doi:10.1007/s12224-016-9271-y · Cited by 33
Soul, L. C., & Benson, R. (2017) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.13217 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Felsenstein, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Felsenstein, Joseph
- Venue
- The American Naturalist
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1985-01
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 0003-0147 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5323
- OpenAlex
- W2013410948
- Cited by
- 9,793
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 242 · 2025: 311 · 2024: 287 · 2023: 361 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 391 · 2020: 332 · 2019: 465 · 2018: 375 · 2017: 374 · 2016: 374 · 2015: 399 · 2014: 436 · 2013: 342 · 2012: 343
- FWCI
- 40.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Naturalist (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Washington
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- phylogenetic comparative analysis, Brownian motion model, branch length, tree topology, contingency tables, character evolution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
