The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phylogenies and the Comparative Method
Abstract
Comparative studies of the relationship between two phenotypes, or between a phenotype and an environment, are frequently carried out by invalid statistical methods. Most regression, correlation, and contingency table methods, including nonparametric methods, assume that the points are drawn independently from a common distribution. When species are taken from a branching phylogeny, they are manifestly nonindependent. Use of a statistical method that assumes independence will cause overstatement of the significance in hypothesis tests. Some illustrative examples of these phenomena have been given, and limitations of previous proposals of ways to correct for the nonindependence have been discussed. A method of correcting for the phylogeny has been proposed. It requires that we know both the tree topology and the branch lengths, and that we be willing to allow the characters to be modeled by Brownian motion on a linear scale. Given these conditions, the phylogeny specifies a set of contrasts among species, contrasts that are statistically independent and can be used in regression or correlation studies. The considerable barriers to making practical use of this technique have been discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We calculated standardized independent contrasts (FIC: Felsenstein 1985) for each of the above factors (territoriality, shoulder height, body mass, habitat openness and group size) using the PDTREE module (Midford et al. 2005) in Mesquite 2.5 (Maddison & Maddison 2008) to account for shared ancestry.”
From Evolution of weaponry in female bovids (2009) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“To test the effects of shared ancestry on trait correlations, we also carried out EMMLi analysis on the phylogenetic independent contrasts (45) of the landmark configurations. This analysis supported the same most likely model and relative strength of correlations within and among modules as the analysis of the raw data did.”
From Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Firstly, because of shared phylogenetic descent, species data are likely not to represent statistically independent points.This results in overestimation of degrees of freedom and an increased Type I error rate.”
From Allometric scaling of mammalian metabolism (2005) · cites this paper as Felsenstein, 1985
In the citing paper
“Felsenstein also noted that the problem of nonindependence does not occur if”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“He then evolved traits according to a BM process along the phylogeny; he recovered a significant regression slope using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) despite there being no evolutionary covariance between the traits.”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“As stated above, the IC method is based on the BM model of trait evolution.”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“This led to the development of numerous methods that take phylogeny into account and control for the non-independence of species16,18,19,33.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“The fact that species cannot be considered independent data points was first recognized in the 1970s by evolutionary biologists studying the evolution of life history traits such as sexual dimorphism and home range in primates16,18,30–32.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“However, species, genomes and genes cannot be considered as independent data points within statistical tests.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Closely related species tend to be similar because they share genes by common descent, which must be accounted for in analyses.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“There is no simple and robust alternative to controlling for phylogeny, and consequently, the best effort possible must be made to take phylogeny into account, to be able to detect real effects and avoid false positives.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Collecting many more data points from the same phylogenetic cluster could increase any bias due to phylogenetic non-independence (Fig. 1)16,18,20.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Instead, controlling for phylogeny can reduce the chance of detecting a significant result that is not real (Type II error or ‘false positive’)18,42.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Controlling for confounding variables such as phylogeny does not reduce statistical power, because such variables should be accounted for before making any estimates of power18,114,115.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Phylogenetic independent contrasts were also calculated from the data to examine scaling relationships while controlling for the effects of phylogenetic relatedness in the data set (59).”
From Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex (2006) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“With a phylogeny, it becomes possible to examine correlated evolutionary change directly along the branches of the tree, for example with the method of independent contrasts (Felsenstein 1985; Garland et al. 1992; Nunn and Barton 2001). Alternatively, one can use the phylogeny to statistically control for nonindependence in the underlying data, for example by using phylogenetic generalized least”
From How does cognition evolve? Phylogenetic comparative psychology (2012) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
Citations
Cites
Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach.
Felsenstein, J. (1981) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01734359 · Cited by 14,571
Self-citationCases in which Parsimony or Compatibility Methods Will be Positively Misleading
Felsenstein, J. (1978) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/27.4.401 · Cited by 3,261
Self-citationPopulation density and body size in mammals
Damuth, J. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290699a0 · Cited by 1,189
Primate Ecology and Social Organization
Richard, A. F. (1982) · Cited by 835
Relative brain size and basal metabolic rate in terrestrial vertebrates
Martin, R. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/293057a0 · Cited by 711
Maximum-likelihood estimation of evolutionary trees from continuous characters.
(1973) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 700
Self-citationFelsenstein, J. (1981) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04991.x · Cited by 456
Self-citationPilbeam, D., & Gould, S. J. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.186.4167.892 · Cited by 416
Parsimony in Systematics: Biological and Statistical Issues
Felsenstein, J. (1983) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.14.110183.001525 · Cited by 352
Self-citationRelative Brain Size and Metabolism in Mammals
Armstrong, E. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6407108 · Cited by 252
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 4,101–4,200 of 9,780
Katvala, M., Rönn, J. L., & Arnqvist, G. (2008) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01494.x · Cited by 39
Covain, R., Dray, S., Fisch-Muller, S., & Montoya‐Burgos, J. I. (2007) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.015 · Cited by 39
del Castillo, R. C., & Gwynne, D. T. (2007) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01298.x · Cited by 39
Metabolic correlates of leg length in breeding arctic shorebirds: the cost of getting high
Cartar, R. V., & Morrison, R. I. G. (2005) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01237.x · Cited by 39
Dı́az, J. A., Iraeta, P., Verdú‐Ricoy, J., Siliceo, I., & Salvador, A. (2011) · Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1007/s11692-011-9144-5 · Cited by 39
Mertl, A. L., Sorenson, M. D., & Traniello, J. F. A. (2010) · Insectes Sociaux · doi:10.1007/s00040-010-0102-5 · Cited by 39
Phylogenetic diversity of Sri Lankan freshwater crabs and its implications for conservation
Beenaerts, N., Pethiyagoda, R. S., Ng, P. K. L., Yeo, D. C. J., Bex, G. J., Bahir, M. M., & Artois, T. (2009) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04439.x · Cited by 39
Habitat Variability Correlates with Duplicate Content of Drosophila Genomes
Makino, T., & Kawata, M. (2012) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mss133 · Cited by 36
Copes, L. E., & Schwartz, G. T. (2010) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/08089.1 · Cited by 38
Phylogeny of Limia (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) Based on NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 2 Sequences
Hamilton, A. T. (2001) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0919 · Cited by 38
Stephens, P. R., & Wiens, J. J. (2007) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01467.x · Cited by 39
Aggregation and species coexistence in fleas parasitic on small mammals
Krasnov, B. R., Stanko, M., Khokhlova, I. S., Mošanský, L., Shenbrot, G. I., Hawlena, H., & Morand, S. (2005) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04353.x · Cited by 39
Do the costs and benefits of fungal endophyte symbiosis vary with light availability?
Davitt, A. J., Stansberry, M., & Rudgers, J. A. (2010) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03428.x · Cited by 39
Damme, R. V., & Vanhooydonck, B. (2002) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1017/s0952836902001462 · Cited by 39
Butler, M. A., & Losos, J. B. (1997) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01485.x · Cited by 39
Variation in sexual size dimorphism within a widespread lizard species
Roitberg, E. S. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208784.003.0016 · Cited by 39
Effects of seed predation by ants on Mediterranean grassland related to seed size
Azcárate, F. M., & Peco, B. (2006) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02455.x · Cited by 39
Pattern, Adaptation, and Constraint in Fruiting Synchrony within Vertebrate-Dispersed Woody Plants
Gorchov, D. L. (1990) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3545424 · Cited by 39
Does limb length predict the relative energetic cost of locomotion in mammals?
Steudel, K. L., & Beattie, J. (1995) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb01765.x · Cited by 39
Coding sequence polymorphism in avian mitochondrial genomes reflects population histories
Hughes, A. L., & Hughes, M. A. K. (2007) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03242.x · Cited by 39
Analysis of form and function in North American columnar cacti (tribe Pachycereeae)
Cornejo, D. O., & Simpson, B. B. (1997) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.2307/2446610 · Cited by 39
Seifertová, M., Vyskočilová, M., Morand, S., & Šimková, A. V. (2008) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182008004812 · Cited by 39
Krasnov, B. R., Burdelov, S. A., Khokhlova, I. S., & Burdelova, N. V. (2003) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1017/s0952836903004096 · Cited by 39
Methodological Issues in Studying Positional Behavior
Dagosto, M., & Gebo, D. L. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0092-0_1 · Cited by 39
Bleiweiss, R. E. (2005) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00427.x · Cited by 39
Correlated response, competition, and female canine size in primates
Plavcan, J. M. (1998) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199812)107:4 · Cited by 39
Garrido-Olvera, L., Arita, H. T., & de León, G. P. (2012) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s003118201200100x · Cited by 38
Ning, Z., Li, Y., Zhao, X., Han, D., & Zhan, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.778547 · Cited by 38
Estimating dispersal rates and locating genetic ancestors with genome-wide genealogies
Osmond, M. M., & Coop, G. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.72177 · Cited by 38
How to Define, Use, and Interpret Pagel's λ$$ \lambda $$ (Lambda) in Ecology and Evolution
Pearse, W. D., Davies, T. J., & Wolkovich, E. M. (2025) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.70012 · Cited by 38
Álvarez, A., Pérez, S. I., & Verzi, D. H. (2013) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12164 · Cited by 38
Scales, J. A., & Butler, M. A. (2015) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12479 · Cited by 38
Dittmann, M. T., Runge, U., Ortmann, S., Lang, R. A., Moser, D., Galeffi, C., Schwarm, A., Kreuzer, M., & Clauß, M. (2015) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-015-0904-x · Cited by 38
Abiotic noise, call frequency and stream-breeding anuran assemblages
Vargas‐Salinas, F., & Amézquita, A. (2013) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-013-9675-6 · Cited by 38
On the Tempo of Genome Size Evolution in Angiosperms
Beaulieu, J. M., Smith, S. A., & Leitch, I. J. (2010) · Journal of Botany · doi:10.1155/2010/989152 · Cited by 38
Macroevolution of venom apparatus innovations in auger snails (Gastropoda; Conoidea; Terebridae)
Castelin, M., Puillandre, N., Kantor, Y., Modica, M. V., Terryn, Y., Cruaud, C., Bouchet, P., & Holford, M. (2012) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.001 · Cited by 39
Geographic Range Shifts Do Not Erase the Historic Signal of Speciation in Mammals
Cardillo, M. (2015) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/679663 · Cited by 36
Bordes, F., Herbreteau, V., Dupuy, S., Chaval, Y., Tran, A., & Morand, S. (2013) · Infection Ecology & Epidemiology · doi:10.3402/iee.v3i0.20178 · Cited by 40
Measurement, variation, and scaling of osteocyte lacunae: a case study in birds
D’Emic, M. D., & Benson, R. (2013) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2013.08.010 · Cited by 39
Figueirido, B., Martín‐Serra, A., & Janis, C. M. (2016) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/pab.2015.55 · Cited by 38
The Evolutionary Basis of Naturally Diverse Rice Leaves Anatomy
Chatterjee, J., Dionora, J., Elmido-Mabilangan, A., Wanchana, S., Thakur, V., Bandyopadhyay, A., Brar, D. S., & Quick, W. P. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164532 · Cited by 38
Phylogenetic patterns and the adaptive evolution of osmoregulation in fiddler crabs (Brachyura, Uca)
Faria, S. C., Provete, D. B., Thurman, C. L., & McNamara, J. C. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171870 · Cited by 39
Computational biomechanics changes our view on insect head evolution
Blanke, A., Watson, P. J., Richard, H., & Fagan, M. J. (2017) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2412 · Cited by 39
Luro, A. B., & Hauber, M. E. (2017) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-017-1446-8 · Cited by 38
Martin, T. E., Riordan, M. M., Repin, R., Mouton, J. C., & Blake, W. M. (2017) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12661 · Cited by 38
Comparing evolutionary rates between trees, clades and traits
Revell, L. J., González‐Valenzuela, L. E., Alfonso, A., Castellanos‐García, L. A., Guarnizo, C. E., & Crawford, A. J. (2018) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12977 · Cited by 38
Bernheim, A. G., Bikard, D., Touchon, M., & Rocha, E. P. C. (2019) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0088 · Cited by 38
Beyond guilds: the promise of continuous traits for mammalian functional diversity
Kohli, B. A., & Rowe, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz054 · Cited by 38
Tan, H., Hirst, A. G., Glazier, D. S., & Atkinson, D. (2019) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0543 · Cited by 37
Guillory, W. X., & Brown, J. L. (2021) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/syab016 · Cited by 38
Yoder, A. D., & Tiley, G. P. (2021) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.16007 · Cited by 40
Spatial variation of stomatal morphological traits in grassland plants of the Loess Plateau
Sun, J., Liu, C., Hou, J., & He, N. (2021) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107857 · Cited by 38
Aallam, Y., Maliki, B. E., Dhiba, D., Lemriss, S., Souiri, A., Haddioui, A., Tarkka, M. T., & Hamdali, H. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9071429 · Cited by 38
Álvarez, A., Pérez, S. I., & Verzi, D. H. (2015) · Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1007/s11692-015-9326-7 · Cited by 38
An Introduction to the Phylogenetic Comparative Method
Paradis, E. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43550-2_1 · Cited by 40
Bonett, R. M., & Chippindale, P. T. (2006) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/1741-7007-4-6 · Cited by 37
Prolegomena to a Future Science of Biolinguistics
Fitch, W. T. (2009) · Biolinguistics · doi:10.5964/bioling.8731 · Cited by 38
Comparative analysis of Meissner's corpuscles in the fingertips of primates
Verendeev, A., Thomas, C., McFarlin, S. C., Hopkins, W. D., Phillips, K. A., & Sherwood, C. C. (2015) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.12327 · Cited by 38
Covariation of sexual size dimorphism and adult sex ratio in parasitic nematodes
Poulin, R. (1997) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1006/bijl.1997.0167 · Cited by 38
Pendleton, R. M., Pritt, J. J., Peoples, B. K., & Frimpong, E. A. (2012) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.1674/0003-0031-168.1.202 · Cited by 38
Comparison of the cost of short flights in a nectarivorous and a non-nectarivorous bird
Hambly, C., Pinshow, B., Wiersma, P., Verhulst, S., Piertney, S. B., Harper, E. J., & Speakman, J. R. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01233 · Cited by 38
Genome size and recombination in angiosperms: a second look
Ross‐Ibarra, J. (2006) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01275.x · Cited by 38
Morphology of flightlessness in Chendytes, fossil seaducks (Anatidae: Mergini) of coastal California
Livezey, B. C. (1993) · Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology · doi:10.1080/02724634.1993.10011500 · Cited by 38
Membrane-bound intestinal enzymes of passerine birds: dietary and phylogenetic correlates
Ramírez‐Otarola, N., Narváez, C., & Sabat, P. (2011) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-011-0557-3 · Cited by 38
Symonds, M. R. E., & Elgar, M. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078297 · Cited by 38
Sorci, G., Skarstein, F., Morand, S., & Hugot, J.-P. (2003) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2536 · Cited by 38
Water‐Balance Characteristics Respond to Changes in Body Size in Subantarctic Weevils
Chown, S. L., & Klok, C. J. (2003) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/376919 · Cited by 38
Networks of epiphytic orchids and host trees in Brazilian gallery forests
Silva, I. A., Ferreira, A. W. C., Lima, M. I. S., & Soares, J. J. (2010) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467409990551 · Cited by 38
Gregson, M., Pratchett, M. S., Berumen, M. L., & Goodman, B. A. (2008) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0366-7 · Cited by 41
Humphreys, A. M., & Linder, H. P. (2013) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.12244 · Cited by 38
Size constraints and the evolution of display complexity: why do large lizards have simple displays?
Ord, T. J., & Blumstein, D. T. (2002) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00058.x · Cited by 38
Revell, L. J. (2012) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys084 · Cited by 38
Hambäck, P. A., Gilbert, J., Schneider, K., Martinson, H. M., Kolb, G. S., & Fagan, W. F. (2009) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17177.x · Cited by 38
Alba, D. M. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Lynch, Z. R., Schlenke, T. A., & de Roode, J. C. (2016) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.12842 · Cited by 38
Strong recovery of dragonflies in recent decades in The Netherlands
Termaat, T., van Grunsven, R. H. A., Plate, C. L., & Strien, A. J. V. (2015) · Freshwater Science · doi:10.1086/682669 · Cited by 38
Shaffer, H. B., & Breden, F. J. (1989) · Copeia · doi:10.2307/1445988 · Cited by 38
Joly, S., Lambert, F., Alexandre, H., Clavel, J., Léveillé‐Bourret, É., & Clark, J. L. (2017) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.13410 · Cited by 38
Hardy, M., Grady, J. M., & Routman, E. J. (2002) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01616.x · Cited by 38
Convergent evolution of the head retraction escape response in elongate fishes and amphibians
Ward, A. B., & Azizi, E. (2004) · Zoology · doi:10.1016/j.zool.2004.04.003 · Cited by 38
The adaptive significance of reproductive strategies in ungulates
Sæther, B., & Gordon, I. J. (1994) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1994.0079 · Cited by 40
Habitat choice in Phylloscopus warblers: the role of morphology, phylogeny and competition
Forstmeier, W., Bourski, O. V., & Leisler, B. (2001) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420100678 · Cited by 38
Correlations between measures of thermal stress resistance within and between species
Berrigan, D. A. (2000) · Oikos · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890211.x · Cited by 38
SPEED AND STAMINA TRADE-OFF IN LACERTID LIZARDS
Vanhooydonck, B., Damme, R. V., & Aerts, P. (2007) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00620.x · Cited by 38
Gans, C., Gaunt, A. S., & Webb, P. W. (1997) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp130103 · Cited by 38
A Guided Tour of Phylogenetic Comparative Methods for Studying Trait Evolution
Cornwallis, C. K., & Griffin, A. S. (2024) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-050754 · Cited by 37
Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach
Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E. M., Jules, E. S., & Stambaugh, M. C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11451-x · Cited by 37
Climatic controls on the ecological ascendancy of dinosaurs
Dunne, E. M., Farnsworth, A., Benson, R., Godoy, P. L., Greene, S. E., Valdes, P. J., Lunt, D. J., & Butler, R. J. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.064 · Cited by 37
Mah, J. L., & Dunn, C. W. (2024) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02281-9 · Cited by 38
Schraiber, J. G., Edge, M. D., & Pennell, M. (2024) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002847 · Cited by 40
Functional and phylogenetic constraints in Rhinocerotinae craniodental morphology
Piras, P., Maiorino, L., Raia, P., Marcolini, F., Salvi, D., Vignoli, L., & Kotsakis, T. (2010) · Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi dell Aquila · Cited by 37
PATTERNS OF OSSIFICATION IN SOUTHERN VERSUS NORTHERN PLACENTAL MAMMALS
Hautier, L., Bennett, N. C., Viljoen, H., Howard, L., Milinkovitch, M. C., Tzika, A. C., Goswami, A., & Asher, R. J. (2013) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.12071 · Cited by 37
Blackmon, H., & Demuth, J. P. (2015) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201500040 · Cited by 37
Sedio, B. E., Paul, J. R., Taylor, C. M., & Dick, C. W. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3317 · Cited by 37
Morphology, sociality, and ecology: can morphology predict pairing behavior in coral reef fishes?
Brandl, S. J., & Bellwood, D. R. (2013) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-013-1042-0 · Cited by 37
Scaling and adaptations of incisors and cheek teeth in caviomorph rodents (Rodentia, Hystricognathi)
Becerra, F., Vassallo, A. I., Echeverría, A. I., & Casinos, A. (2012) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.20051 · Cited by 37
Leveraging Hierarchical Population Structure in Discrete Association Studies
Carlson, J. M., Kadie, C. M., Mallal, S. A., & Heckerman, D. E. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000591 · Cited by 37
Tetracoding increases with body temperature in Lepidosauria
Seligmann, H., & Labra, A. (2013) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2013.09.002 · Cited by 37
Fear screams and adaptation to avoid imminent death: effects of genetic variation and predation
Møller, A. P., & Nielsen, J. T. (2010) · Ethology Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1080/03949371003707968 · Cited by 37
Photosynthetic thermotolerance of woody savanna species in China is correlated with leaf life span
Zhang, J., Poorter, L., Hao, G., & Cao, K. (2012) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcs172 · Cited by 37
Metadata
- Authors
- Felsenstein, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Felsenstein, Joseph
- Venue
- The American Naturalist
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1985-01
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 0003-0147 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5323
- OpenAlex
- W2013410948
- Cited by
- 9,793
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 242 · 2025: 311 · 2024: 287 · 2023: 361 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 391 · 2020: 332 · 2019: 465 · 2018: 375 · 2017: 374 · 2016: 374 · 2015: 399 · 2014: 436 · 2013: 342 · 2012: 343
- FWCI
- 40.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Naturalist (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Washington
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- phylogenetic comparative analysis, Brownian motion model, branch length, tree topology, contingency tables, character evolution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
