The Relationship between Basal Metabolic Rate and Daily Energy Expenditure in Birds and Mammals
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We examined the relationship between daily energy expenditure (DEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in birds and mammals. Two models of the relationship between DEE and BMR were distinguished: a "shared pathways" model in which DEE replaces BMR in the active organism and a "partitioned pathways" model in which DEE includes BMR-that is, BMR is separate from the metabolic pathways that result in activity metabolism (ACT), and DEE = ACT + BMR. The appropriate null hypotheses for the relationship between basal and active metabolism are rDEE· BMR = 0 and rACT· BMR = 0, respectively. Correlations of the residuals (d and b) of the logarithms of DEE and BMR from their allometric regressions with the logarithm of body mass were tested against these null models. Using phylogenetically independent contrasts, we found no significant relationship between DEE and BMR in birds, but a strong relationship (rdb = 0.86) among mammals. Thus, the hypothesis that sustained working capacity is related to basal metabolism is supported for mammals but not for birds. Residuals of metabolic variables from allometric regressions on body mass were greater for mammals than for birds and suggest that mammals are more diversified in their energetic physiology. The idea that sustainable energy expenditure may be pushed to physiological limits in mammals but not in birds is not supported, however, because the ratio of DEE to BMR has a somewhat lower mean and greater variance in mammals compared to birds. The n…
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In contrast to mammals, BMR and field metabolic rates may not be strongly correlated in birds, especially during breeding.
“In contrast to mammals, BMR and field metabolic rates may not be strongly correlated in birds, especially during breeding (Koteja 1991; Ricklefs et al. 1996).”
From Metabolic costs of brain size evolution (2006) · cites this paper as Ricklefs et al. 1996
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Londoño, G. A., Chappell, M. A., Castañeda, M. D. R., Jankowski, J. E., & Robinson, S. K. (2014) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12348 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Energy compensation and adiposity in humans
Careau, V., Halsey, L. G., Pontzer, H., Ainslie, P. N., Andersen, L. F., Anderson, L. J., Arab, L., Baddou, I., Bedu-Addo, K., Blaak, E. E., et al. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.016 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Sources and significance of variation in basal, summit and maximal metabolic rates in birds
McKechnie, A. E., & Swanson, D. L. (2010) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/czoolo/56.6.741 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“), and b) that comparative BMR analyses are largely phenomenological (Ricklefs et al., 1996).”
Applications and implications of ecological energetics
Tomlinson, S., Arnall, S. G., Munn, A. J., Bradshaw, D., Maloney, S. K., Dixon, K. W., & Didham, R. K. (2014) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2014.03.003 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Larivee, M., Boutin, S. A., Speakman, J. R., McAdam, A. G., & Humphries, M. M. (2010) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01680.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Basal Metabolic Rate in Carnivores Is Associated with Diet after Controlling for Phylogeny
Muñoz‐Garcia, A., & Williams, J. B. (2005) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/432852 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Even when studies have been restricted to a single family, researchers have found contrasting results depending on the method of analysis.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEnergetics of stress: linking plasma cortisol levels to metabolic rate in mammals
Haase, C. G., Long, A. K., & Gillooly, J. F. (2016) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0867 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“It is also noteworthy that elevated levels of cortisol were on average threefold greater than baseline levels for a given body mass (table 1), a difference that (perhaps coincidentally) corresponds to the average difference in resting and active metabolic rates reported for mammals [18].”
BackgroundMinimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands
McNab, B. K. (2002) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00365.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Cohen, A. A., McGraw, K. J., Wiersma, P., Williams, J. B., Robinson, W. D., Robinson, T. R., Brawn, J. D., & Ricklefs, R. E. (2008) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/589456 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationIntrinsic aging‐related mortality in birds
Ricklefs, R. E. (2000) · Journal of Avian Biology · doi:10.1034/j.1600-048x.2000.210201.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Larger birds have lower mass-specific metabolic rates (Calder 1984, Ricklefs et al. 1996) which may influence rate of senescence through the production of reactive forms of oxygen (Harman 1982, Beckman and Ames 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWilson, A. D. M., & McLaughlin, R. L. (2007) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.01.009 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“…data), in the same way that routine activity and basal metabolic rate are correlated in some birds and mammals (e.g. Birt-Friesen et al. 1989; Ricklefs et al. 1996 and references therein), and as found in the early-and late-migrating Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar , Metcalfe et al. 1995;…”
BackgroundThe energetic and oxidative costs of reproduction in a free-ranging rodent
Bergeron, P., Careau, V., Humphries, M. M., Réale, D. J. F., Speakman, J. R., & Garant, D. (2011) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01868.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Adaptation of the Maternal Intestine During Lactation
Hammond, K. A. (1997) · Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia · doi:10.1023/a:1026332304435 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Alternatively, absolute changes in metabolic maintenance metabolism may be small enough to be unimportant in energy challenged individuals (50).”
BackgroundStandard energetics of phyllostomid bats: the inadequacies of phylogenetic-contrast analyses
McNab, B. K. (2003) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00090-4 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Artificial Selection on Metabolic Rates and Related Traits in Rodents
Konarzewski, M. (2005) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/45.3.416 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“…repeatability can be estimated as the correlation between subsequent measurements (x1 and x2), it follows from equation (3) and equation (A1) in Ricklefs et al. (1996) that the effect of measurement error on repeatability of metabolic rates can be modeled as: s sx x1 2r 5 r (4)x x x x1 2 1 2 2…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe metabolic cost of reproduction in an oviparous lizard
Angilletta, M. J., & Sears, M. W. (2000) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00387.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“correlation between SMR and maximal metabolic rate implies that a need for greater levels of sustained metabolic activity requires an enhanced state of metabolic readiness, which is thought to be achieved through an increase in the metabolic intensity of tissues (Ricklefs et al. 1996).”
BackgroundWiens, F., Zitzmann, A., & Hussein, N. A. (2006) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/06-mamm-a-007r1.1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The association between body mass, metabolic rates and survival of bank voles
Boratyński, Z., & Koteja, P. (2009) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01505.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The evolution of flight and echolocation in bats: another leap in the dark
Speakman, J. R. (2001) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2001.00082.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The performance advantage of a high resting metabolic rate in juvenile salmon is habitat dependent
Reid, D. J., Armstrong, J. D., & Metcalfe, N. B. (2012) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01969.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Diet, phylogeny, and basal metabolic rate in phyllostomid bats
Cruz-Neto, A. P., Garland, T., & Abe, A. S. (2001) · Zoology · doi:10.1078/0944-2006-00006 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Given the apparent positive relationship between BMR and rates of daily energy expenditure in the wild (Ricklefs et al., 1996), mammals faced with “low-quality” diets should have acquired, over evolutionary time, low rates of basal energy expenditure, thus allowing a reduction in their total daily rates of energy expe…”
BackgroundWiens, F. (2002) · EPub Bayreuth (University of Bayreuth) · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Seasonal and annual movement patterns of polar bears on the sea ice of Hudson Bay
Parks, E. K., Derocher, A. E., & Lunn, N. J. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z06-115 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Daily energy expenditure of female mammals with young are about four times their basal metabolic rate because of energy lost through food-sharing and lactation (Ricklefs et al. 1996); therefore, female polar bears with COYs need to eat more than other females in winter and break-up.”
Auer, S. K., Killen, S. S., & Rezende, E. L. (2017) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12879 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Sexual and natural selection on body mass and metabolic rates in free‐living bank voles
Boratyński, Z., & Koteja, P. (2010) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01764.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Elliott, K. H., Vaillant, M. L., Kato, A., Gaston, A. J., Ropert‐Coudert, Y., Hare, J. F., Speakman, J. R., & Croll, D. A. (2013) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12126 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Individual variation and repeatability of basal metabolism in the bank vole,Clethrionomys glareolus
Labocha, M. K., Sadowska, E. T., Baliga‐Klimczyk, K., Semer, A. K., & Koteja, P. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2612 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“1998; Lovegrove 2003), and to the relationship between BMR and maximum or daily metabolic rate (Bennett & Ruben 1979; Koteja 1987, 2000; Hinds & Rice-Warner 1992; Sparti 1992; Hayes & Garland 1995; Ricklefs et al. 1996; Degen et al. 1998).”
BackgroundThe Evolution of Concepts on the Evolution of Endothermy in Birds and Mammals
Koteja, P. (2004) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/423741 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Energetics, cost reduction and functional consequences of fish morphology
PETTERSSON, L. B., & Hedenström, A. (2000) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1068 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Recent work has fundamentally changed this view by demonstrating both considerable intraspeci¢c variation and adaptive £exibility in the BMR and SMR (Ricklefs et al. 1996; Piersma & LindstrÎm 1997; Secor & Diamond 1998).”
Speakman, J. R., Ergon, T., Cavanagh, R., Reid, K., Scantlebury, D. M., & Lambin, X. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2235671100 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The economics of brain size evolution in vertebrates
Heldstab, S. A., Isler, K., Graber, S. M., Schuppli, C., & van Schaik, C. P. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.096 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Ochocińska, D., & Taylor, J. R. E. (2005) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/431190 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Energy allocation and behaviour in the growing broiler chicken
Tickle, P. G., Hutchinson, J. R., & Codd, J. R. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22604-2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Williams, J. B., Ostrowski, S., Bedin, E., & Ismail, K. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.204.13.2301 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Design, limitations and sustained metabolic rate: lessons from small mammals
Bacigalupe, L. D., & Bozinovic, F. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.205.19.2963 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Diversification of Life Histories in New World Birds
Robinson, W. D., Hau, M., Klasing, K. C., Wikelski, M. C., Brawn, J. D., Austin, S. H., Tarwater, C. E., & Ricklefs, R. E. (2010) · The Auk · doi:10.1525/auk.2010.127.2.253 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationReproduction: The Adaptive Significance of Endothermy
Farmer, C. G. (2003) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/380922 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“To normalize for body mass, comparisons have commonly been made using aerobic scopes, the ratio of the maximal ( ) and basal (BMR) rates of oxygenV̇o2 max consumption.”
BackgroundMethodMeerlo, P., Bolle, L. J., Visser, G. H., Masman, D., & Daan, S. (1997) · Physiological Zoology · doi:10.1086/639616 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationMorphological and Physiological Responses to Altitude in Deer MicePeromyscus maniculatus
Hammond, K. A., Roth, J. K., Janes, D. N., & Dohm, M. R. (1999) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/316697 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Swanson, D. L., McKechnie, A. E., & Vézina, F. (2017) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-017-1096-3 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Linking patterns in macroecology
Blackburn, T. M., & Gaston, K. J. (2001) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2001.00484.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Thermoregulation in endotherms: physiological principles and ecological consequences
Rezende, E. L., & Bacigalupe, L. D. (2015) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-015-0909-5 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Estimating where these limits lie remains a major challenge, because (i) FMR measures do not necessarily constitute maximum sustainable levels of energy expenditure (Ricklefs et al. 1996), (ii) energy is allocated to multiple processes apart from heat production and (iii) heat generated as a byproduct of other activit…”
BackgroundEnergy Costs of Growth in Neonate Reptiles
Nagy, K. A. (2000) · Herpetological Monographs · doi:10.2307/1467052 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
12. SELECTION EXPERIMENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION OF PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGY
Swallow, J. G., Hayes, J. P., Koteja, P., & Garland, J. (2019) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520944473-013 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Reid, D. J., Armstrong, J. D., & Metcalfe, N. B. (2011) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01894.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Welcker, J., Speakman, J. R., Elliott, K. H., Hatch, S. A., & Kitaysky, A. S. (2014) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12321 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Somjee, U., Woods, H. A., Duell, M. E., & Miller, C. W. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1685 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Pagano, A. M., & Williams, T. M. (2019) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.5053 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Alternative foraging tactics and risk taking in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
Farwell, M., & McLaughlin, R. L. (2009) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arp059 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Schmid, J., & Speakman, J. R. (2009) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0515-z · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“living animals (Nagy 1987; Ricklefs et al. 1996).”
BackgroundRisso's dolphins alter daily resting pattern in response to whale watching at the Azores
Visser, F., Hartman, K. L., Rood, E. J. J., Hendriks, A. J. E., Zult, D., Wolff, W. J., Huisman, J., & Pierce, G. J. (2010) · Marine Mammal Science · doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00398.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…result in reduced energy reserves and can negatively affect foraging and reproductive success, an effect that has been found throughout the animal kingdom including fish, birds, and marine mammals (e.g., Ricklefs et al. 1996, Grantner and Taborsky 1998, Frid and Dill 2002, Williams et al. 2006).”
BackgroundGębczyński, A. K., & Konarzewski, M. (2009) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01734.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Moreover, birds and mammals spend about 20 times as much energy on a daily basis as reptiles (Nagy et al., 1999) and nearly 30% of it results from basal metabolism – BMR (Koteja, 1991; Ricklefs et al., 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationArtificial Light at Night Reduces Daily Energy Expenditure in Breeding Great Tits (Parus major)
Welbers, A. A. M. H., van Dis, N. E., Kolvoort, A. M., Ouyang, J. Q., Visser, M. E., Spoelstra, K., & Dominoni, D. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2017.00055 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Body mass explains most of the variation in DEE between and within species (Ricklefs et al., 1996; Nagy, 2005).”
BackgroundAvian Energetics, Ecology, and Evolution
Ricklefs, R. E. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0425-8_1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationCauses and significance of variation in mammalian basal metabolism
Raichlen, D. A., Gordon, A. D., Muchlinski, M. N., & Snodgrass, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-009-0399-4 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Since BMR constitutes a major portion of total energy expenditures (approximately 30% of total energy expenditure; Ricklefs et al. 1996), variation in BMR may have signiWcant implications for mammalian evolution.”
BackgroundBasal Metabolic Rate of Canidae from Hot Deserts to Cold Arctic Climates
Careau, V., Morand-Ferron, J., & Thomas, D. (2007) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/06-mamm-a-111r1.1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“It should be noted that for a given insulation value, increasing the BMR has the effect of broadening the thermoneutral zone and extending the lower limit to colder ambient temperatures (Schmidt-Nielsen 1997).”
BackgroundMorphometry of the Digestive Tracts of Some Passerine Birds
Ricklefs, R. E. (1996) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.2307/1369146 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationLimits to sustained energy intake
Speakman, J. R., Gidney, A., Bett, J., Mitchell, I. P., & Johnson, M. S. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.204.11.1957 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ricklefs, R. E., Konarzewski, M., & Daan, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- The American Naturalist
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1996-06
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1047-1071
- ISSN
- 0003-0147 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5323
- OpenAlex
- W1980038648
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 9.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- The American Naturalist (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Uniwersytet Warszawski
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- basal metabolic rate, daily energy expenditure, birds, mammals, allometry, body mass, phylogenetically independent contrasts, metabolic pathways
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