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Cited by 1,238Evolution and Paleontology StudiesMorphological variations and asymmetryAnimal Behavior and Reproduction

Phylogenetic Analysis of Covariance by Computer Simulation

Garland, T., Dickerman, A. W., Janis, C. M., Jones, J. A.·1993·Systematic Biology
DOI 10.1093/sysbio/42.3.265
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Abstract

Biologists often compare average phenotypes of groups of species defined cladistically or on behavioral, ecological, or physiological criteria (e.g., carnivores vs. herbivores, social vs. nonsocial species, endotherms vs. ectotherms). Hypothesis testing typically is accomplished via analysis of variance (ANOVA) or covariance (ANCOVA; often with body size as a covariate). Because of the hierarchical nature of phylogenetic descent, however, species may not represent statistically independent data points, degrees of freedom may be inflated, and significance levels derived from conventional tests cannot be trusted. As one solution to this degrees of freedom problem, we propose using empirically scaled computer simulation models of continuous traits evolving along “known” phylogenetic trees to obtain null distributions of F statistics for ANCOVA of comparative data sets. These empirical null distributions allow one to set critical values for hypothesis testing that account for nonindependence due to specified phylogenetic topology, branch lengths, and model of character change. Computer programs that perform simulations under a variety of evolutionary models (gradual and speciational Brownian motion, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, punctuated equilibrium; starting values, trends, and limits to phenotypic evolution can also be specified) and that will analyze simulated data by ANCOVA are available from the authors on request. We apply the proposed procedures to the analysis of differences in h…

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Crossref · 10.1093/sysbio/42.3.265

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3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The tracing of female horn evolution on the composite tree has strong phylogenetic signal (p < 0.001).

    “We determined that the tracing of female horn evolution on this composite tree has strong phylogenetic signal (Blomberg et al. 2003; p < 0.001) using PDAP 6.0 software (Garland et al. 1993); therefore, related species tend to resemble each other in their tendency for females to have horns.”

    From Evolution of weaponry in female bovids (2009) · cites this paper as Garland et al. 1993

  • Statistical significance as measured by a phylogenetic ANOVA was found for agility of the main prey (F= 11.564; p = 0.001), hunting habitat (F= 7.987; p = 0.038) and nesting territoriality (F= 7.239; p = 0.015).

    “Statistical significance as measured by a phylogenetic ANOVA (Garland et al. 1993) was found for agility of the main prey (F= 11.564; p = 0.001), hunting habitat (F= 7.987; p = 0.038) and, nesting territoriality (F= 7.239; p = 0.015).”

    From Structural complexity of hunting habitat and territoriality increase the reversed sexual size dimorphism in diurnal raptors (2018) · cites this paper as Garland et al. 1993

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Authors
Garland, T., Dickerman, A. W., Janis, C. M., & Jones, J. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
  • Brown University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Systematic Biology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1993-09-01
Volume
42
Issue
3
Pages
265-292
ISSN
  • 1063-5157 (ISSN-L)
  • 1076-836X
DOI
10.1093/sysbio/42.3.265
OpenAlex
W2088262090
Cited by
1,238
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 39
FWCI
23.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Systematic Biology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Geometry and Topology › Morphological variations and asymmetry
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Keywords
covariance analysis, empirical null distribution, phylogenetic autocorrelation, phylogenetically independent contrasts, Brownian motion, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, punctuated equilibrium, home range, Carnivora, ungulates, diet

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